


THE UNIVERSITY 
OF ILLINOIS 


LIBRARY 
From the library of- 


Harry Harkness Stoek 
Professor of 
Mining Engineering 
1909-1923 
Purchased 1923. 


622 
G62g4 


Bas 











+ = 2990 | 
GOODMAN 
MINING HANDBOOK 


FOR 


Coal and Metal Mine Operators, 
Managers, Etc. 


Fourth Edition 
P6922: +2 


Price, $2.00 


Copyright 1922 
by 
Goodman Manufacturing Company 


Issued by the 
Goodman Manufacturing Company 
48th to 49th Streets, on Halsted 
CHICAGO, U. S. A. 
NEW YORK PITTSBURGH CINCINNATI 


ST. LOUIS CHARLESTON, W. VA. DENVER 
BIRMINGHAM SEATTLE 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


2 





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PRESENTATION 


N this, the fourth edition of the Goodman: 
Mining Handbook, we desire, as here- 
tofore, to supply the mining man with an 
ever-ready reference “mine” in which he 
may find data of standard nature, together 
with short methods of making otherwise 
tedious calculations. 


| 2! Mmerebhys 25 Mording, 


Certain changes and additions to earlier 
editions have been made. Much of the 
tabular matter has been arranged from data 
of the Goodman Manufacturing Co., and 
its accuracy is based upon long experience. 
Many of the tables of general information 
have been calculated and arranged express- 
ly for this handbook; others have been 
derived from standard sources of recognized 
authority and reliability. 


Suggestions as to additions for future 
editions will be gladly received and care- 
fully considered. 


Goodman Manufacturing Company 


Chicago, U.S. A. 
52 000 


Goodman Manufacturing Company 
48th to 49th Streets, on Halsted 
Chicago, Ill. _ 


Pal’ e2cat rive 
Coal Cutting Machines 
Coal and Ore Loaders 
Gathering Locomotives 
Haulage Locomotives 


BRANCH OFFICES: 


New York, N. Y., _ 511 Fitth Ave. 
Pittsburgh, Pa., Farmers Bank Bldg. 
Cincinnati, Ohio, 317-321 Sycamore Street 
Charleston, W. Va., Union Bldg. 
St. Louis, Mo., Boatmen’s Bank Bldg. 
Denver, Colo., Boston Bldg. 
Birmingham, Ala., Brown-Marx Bldg. 
Seattle, Wash., 820 First Ave., South 


SUPPLY and REPAIR DEPARTMENTS 
at 
Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Charleston, St. Louis 








CONTENTS 
COMPLETE INDEX AT BACK OF BOOK 


Mecca! crins and Mquivalents...§ 2, a... 6- 9 
Power Plant Equipment and Mine Power.... 10- 23 
igramsintssion. dine. Calculations :: ..+..0.4 «4-¢ 24- 31 
RE tee Ls) 1d CT) Oe eae a cbt hh ade Sy a eo JN are ake ie 32- 40 
Metor Currents and Motor Troubles........ A4l- 51 
WWiressaids Canleste ace Aiea Nah een ee 52- 63 
Mine Haulage by Electric Locomotives...... 64- 83 
Locomotive Motor Arrangements............ 84- 85 


Storage Battery Locomotives and Batteries.. 86- 93 


Mincmliack Mer west... 2. . cade. bones aos 94-108 
WMagem ll Gistitroe meh ae hot cas. Le ae cr nee: 109-116 
Vite min TD) Cem ren Siete Vee, Glenda 117-119 
ML emnet file SOM ghee. ot. ch eee ea ef 120-127 
(ROMmmresscd Alt aide Leatis...ccranpammenien cane 128-129 
eiDiie me Desh an dya hank Seri 8 n. \ )Uamenee beans 130-135 
Water Pressure and) Measurement maw) ot. 136-141 
PALS MU oh ces Pate ae. EL Sak., ac Rae EE 142-146 
Mechanical Power Transmission... 405.24. <. 147-157 
VCO SMO LTOleatGrm tele: (in. fo keer oe 158-161 
ECOPeGliCS iol a VOALeTIOIG. wiod ith ans at= eee ae: 162-163 
WAGGOtLs EOStSe atid) Is CATS oi a feos eo an che. bee el oe 164-165 
Oat le VieasU Pema os tis segsottses ian Bs eed aaah 166 
Bricksand.binclawork er ee he ee eee : 167 
Concrete and, Concrete: Mixtures. (02:2. as voc. 168-171 
Comparison of Lhermometer Scales. .:..02-1. 172-173 
Decimal UivaleitS: Sith rs tes csden ss denoted Sel 174-175 
Dletriceatid Enelish’ Bquivalents.t0..: 042. 176 
Squares, Cubes and Roots—Circles.......... 177-208 
Interest, Depreciation and Discounts.........209-215 
SiO Cie swe NC OL Sara. fects vie Say ves ites bens oats aa 216-218 
Postal Rates and Parcel: Post, Maps..:i.a52 25. 219-227 
PoouladorwotthwesUnited States a7 oun, 228-229 
Codie dmcoke statistiCSuin. os. heed ei ee 230-255 


Oeste iROIPe StatiStiCS says, ecacleu see ee 256-266 





6 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Definitions of Electrical Terms 


GENERATOR—Receives mechanical power from a turbine,’ 
steam engine or other source of mechanical power and transforms 
it into useful electrical power. 


MOTOR—Receives electrical power from the power line and 
transforms it into useful mechanical power. 


MOTOR-GENERATOR—Consists of a motor and a generator 
either coupled or belted together; used to change alternating into 
direct current, to change the voltage of direct current, or to 
change a direct into alternating current. 


ROTARY CONVERTER—Consists of one set of field coils 
and a single armature with slip rings on one end and a commu- 
tator on the other; operates from an alternating current line and 
produces direct current; has no means of regulating the direct 
current voltage. Although usually used to change alternating 
into direct current, the machine may be used to change direct 
into alternating current, in which case it is called an inverted 
converter. 


TRANSFORMER—A piece of apparatus with no moving 
parts; used for changing voltage and phase of alternating current. 
If it is a voltage reducer, it is called a step-down transformer; if a 
voltage booster, it is called a step-up transformer. The power side 
is called the primary; the operating or motor side, the secondary. 


AMPERE—Unit of current; that current which will flow 
through a resistance of 1 ohm with an electromotive force or dif- 
ference of potential of 1 volt; letter I used as symbol. 


OHM—wUnit of resistance; the resistance offered to the flow of 
1 ampere of current with a difference of potential of 1 volt; letter 
R used as symbol. 


VOLT—Unit of electromotive force; that difference of potential 
which will cause a current of 1 ampere to flow against a resistance 
of 1 ohm; letter E used as symbol. 


OHM’S LAW—Applied to direct current—expresses the rela- 
tionship between amperes, ohms and volts as follows: 


B=13oR 
I=E+R 
R=E+I 


EXAMPLE—A No. 0000 trolley wire 1000 feet long has a re- 
sistance of .000049 ohms per foot. A shortwall mining machine 
motor at end of line draws 120 amperes. Find loss in voltage 
through the trolley wire. 


I =120 amperes; R =.000049 x 1000 =.049 ohms 
E=IXR=120X.049 =5.88 volts loss. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 7 





Definitions of Electrical Terms—Continued 


EXAMPLE—A shunt field of a breast mining machine motor 
on 250 volts draws 2 amperes; machine has 2 field coils. Find 
resistance of each coil. 


E =250 volts; I=2 amperes. 
R=250+2 =125 ohms, total resistance. 
125 +2 =62.5 ohms, resistance of each coil. 


WATT—Unit of power; product of volts and amperes. 1000 
watts =1 kilowatt. The symbol used for kilowatt is kw. 


ALTERNATING CURRENT—One which alternates regu- 
larly in direction. 


ALTERNATING CURRENT INDUCTION MOTOR— 


Two general classes, squirrel cage and slip ring. 


SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR—So called on account of the ° 
shape of the rotor winding; no external electrical connection to 
the rotor windings. Started by two methods: (a) changing the 
connections of the stator winding through a star delta switch; 
(b) application of different steps of voltage to the stator winding 
through a transformer. The former method is usually used be- 
cause of its simplicity. This motor runs at one speed only, which 
drops off slightly as the load comes on; speed is determined by 
the frequency of the circuit and the number of poles of the 
motor; characteristics similar to shunt wound direct current 
motor. 


~SLIP-RING MOTOR-—Started in a manner similar to direct 
current motor, having in series with the rotor a resistance which 
is gradually cut out as the motor is brought up to speed; can be 
run at different speeds according to the amount of resistance in- 
serted into the circuit; used where very high starting power is 
required; has some characteristics similar to a series wound direct 
current motor. 


CYCLE—Complete set of positive and negative values of alter- 
nating current. 


EFFICIENCY—Power output~power input, expressed in 
the same terms; always expressed in percentage and is always 
less than 100. For a motor, it is mechanical power output in 
watts + electrical power input in watts; for a generator, it is 
electrical power output in watts+mechanical power input in 
watts. 


8 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Definitions of Electrica! Terms—cContinued 


FREQUENCY—Nunmber of cycles per second, indicating one- 
half the number of times alternating current changes direction in 
1 second; standard frequencies are 25 and 60 cycles. If the fre- 
quency is 60 cycles per second we know the current changes 
direction 120 times per second. 


PHASE—Characteristics of alternating current are determined 
by operating conditions. 


A single-phase motor has two terminal wires and acts like a 
single cylinder automobile engine with infrequent applications 
of power. 


A 2-phase motor has 4 terminal wires, toc the number of 
power impulses per second and has more frequent applications of 
power. 


A 3-phase motor has 3 terminal wires and corresponds to a 6 
cylinder engine; still more frequent applications of power. 


Where high starting power and heavy overloads are encoun- 
tered in service, 3-phase power is best and has been adopted as 
standard for alternating current. 


POWER FACTOR—Characteristics of alternating current 
circuits are such that there is a difference between real power 
available for work as measured by the wattmeter, and apparent 
power, which latter is the product of volts and amperes as 
recorded by a voltmeter and an ammeter. The ratio of real to 
apparent power, both expressed in watts, is called power factor, 
which is expressed in percentage and is always 100 or less. 


Size of Wires 


The area of cross-section of round wires is usually given in cir- 
cular mils; the diameter, in decimals of aninch. 1 milis 1/1000, 
(.001) of aninch. 1 circular mil is the area, expressed in decimals 
of a square inch, of a circle of 1 mil diameter. 


The area of any circle, expressed in square inches, is 3.1416 
X radius? or .7854Xdiameter?. The area of 1 mil diameter circle 
is therefore .7854 X (.001)2 =.0000007854 square inches or 1 cir- 
cular mil. 


In other words, the area of any circle expressed in circular mils 
equals the square of the diameter in mils; i. e., C. M. =d?. 


eae ANN IN OR AND BOOS ayes 





Mechanical and Electrical Equivalents 





Unit 


1 heat unit 
Bete, 


1 Ib. water 
evaporated 
from and 
ele 2A ai 


1 foot- 
pound 


1 hp. 


1 hp.-hour 


Equivalent 


1 lb. water heated from 
62° F. to 63° F. 

.001036 Ibs. water evap- 
orated from and at 
212° F. 

-0000688 Ibs. carbon ox- 
idized. 

1055 watt-seconds. 

107.6 kilogram-meters. 

000393 hp.-hours. 

777.52 foot-pounds. 

.252 calories, 


970.4 B.t.u. 

1,026,000 joules. 
754500 foot-pounds. 
.283 kilowatt-hours. 
.379 hp.-hours. © 

10452 kilogram-meters. 


001285 B.t.u. 

1.356 joules 

.1383 kilogram-meters. 

.000000377 kilowatt- 
hours. : 

-.0000005 hp.-hours. 


33000 ft. lbs. per minute. 

550 ft.-lbs. per second. 

2545 B.t.u. per hour. 

2.64 Ibs. water evapor- 
ated per hour from 
anGrate ioe. 

746 watts. 

.746 kilowatts. 


1980000 foot-pounds. 

2545 B.t.u. 

2.64 lbs. water evapor- 
ated from and at 212° 


17.0 Ibs. water raised 
from 62° F. to 212° F. 
./46 kilowatt-hours. 

















Unit Equivalent 


1 watt-second. 

-000000278 kilowatt= 
hours. 

.102 kilogram-meters. 

.0009477 B.t.u. 

.7373 foot-pounds. 


1 joule 


.001 kilowatts. 
1 joule per second. 
.00134 horse power. 
1 watt |.73 ft.-pounds per sec- 
ond. 
44.24 ft.-lbs. per min- 
ute. 


7.233 foot-pounds. 
1 -00000365 hp.-hours. 
kilogram- |.00000272 kilowatt- 
meter hours. 
.0093 B.t.u. 


1000 watts. 

1.34 horse power. 
2654200 ft.-lbs. per hour. 
44,240 ft.-lbs. per min- 


ute. 
737.3 ft.-lbs. per second. 
3412 B.t.u. per hour. 
56.9 B.t.u. per minute. 
.948 B.t.u. per second. 
3.53 lbs. water evapor- 
ated from and at 
DADS 1. 


1 kilowatt 


1000 watt-hours. 

1.34 hp.-hours. 

2654200 ft.-lbs. 

3600000 joules. 

1 kilowatt- |3412 B.t.u. 
hour 367000 kilogram-meters 

3.53 lbs. water evapor- 
ated from and at 
PWN 

22.75 lbs. water raised 
from 62° F. to 212° F. 


10 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 











Power Plant Equipment and Electrical 
Mine Power 


There are many points to consider in determining whether to 
purchase central station power, if available, or to generate power 
at the mine. 


The central station has numerous advantages over the smaller 
plant, both in location and equipment. It is possible so to locate 
the central station as to take the most advantage of natural re- 
sources, instead of being limited in the choice of location as with 
a mine plant. Most central stations can be located near a plenti- 
ful supply of good water for use in the boilers and for condensing 
purposes, thus assuring good over-all efficiency in the plant. 
The plant efficiency may be further increased by modern eff- 
ciency devices, the installation of which, in a central station may 
be thoroughly practical, but which would be too expensive for 
the smaller isolated plant. 


Charges for purchased power generally are composed of two 
parts: one, the primary charge, is for interest, depreciation and 
maintenance of the transmission line and plant equipment; the 
other, the secondary charge, is for the actual power used, as 
taken from the integrating kilowatt-hour meters. The primary 
charge is based on the number of kilowatts of substation equip- 
ment, at a given rate per kilowatt per month; or it is calculated 
from the “‘maximum demand,’’ which is the maximum load 
carried for a short period during the month. 


Some of the advantages of using purchased power are: 

A. Frequently cheaper power when everything is considered. 

B. Availability of power when needed, with no secondary 
charge during such hours as the mine, as a whole or in 
part, is shut down. 

C. Nosteam plant at the mine with its attendant troubles and 
worries. 


The principal disadvantages are: 

a. The possibility of interruption of service due to troubie in 
the supply line. 

b. Necessity for installation of rotary converter or motor- 
generator set in the mine substation. 

c. Possibility of poor regulation of voltage due to overloaded 
transmission line. 


Power Lines 


The power transmitted to the mine substations from the 
central stations is almost universally alternating current. This 
is due to the fact that it is very expensive to transmit direct cur- 
rent over long distances. Whether the power transmitted be 
alternating or direct current, there will be loss in voltage in pro- 
portion to the distance of transmission. Therefore it is neces- 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 11 





Power Plant and Mine Power—Continued 


sary to transmit from the central station at considerably higher 
voltage than required at the delivery end. With direct current, 
this would require at the central station, the installation of rotat- 
ing, commutating machinery of such high cost as to be prohibi- 
tive for mine work. With alternating current, however, power 
from the central station may be stepped up by transformers for 
transmission at high voltage and later stepped down at the mine 
substation to any practical voltage; then it may be used either 
as it is, or changed to direct current of the proper voltage by 
passing through a motor-generator or rotary converter. 


The power transmitted over a supply line is directly propor- 
tional to the product of the amperage and the voltage of the cur- 
rent flowing. A certain amount of power may be transmitted 
either at high voltage and low amperage, or low voltage and high 
amperage. But the size of wire required in power transmission 
increases with the amperage of the current flowing; hence the 
universal use of high-voltage, low-amperage power in transmis- 
sion lines. 


Rotary Converters and Motor-Generator Sets 


If haulage is to be operated, the use of central station power 
necessitates the installation of either a rotary converter or a 
synchronous motor-generator set in the substation at the mine, 
and the question as to which to install is sometimes difficult to 
decide, as each has its advantages and disadvantages. 


With rotary converters, the alternating current enters one 
side of the rotor and direct current is taken off the other side. 
Before entering the converter, the current must pass through 
step-down transformers, the voltage being reduced below that of 
the direct current. The two kinds of current being connected 
directly in the rotor, means that all line voltage drop in the 
supply line is reflected somewhat in all the mine circuits, thus 
affecting the operation of the machines and locomotives. Many 
central stations have such good regulation in their transmission 
lines that rotary converters may operate very satisfactorily. In 
such cases first cost and other conditions are the determining 
factors in deciding whether to install a rotary converter or a 
motor-generator set. 


The over-all efficiency of rotary converters with transformers 
is somewhat greater than that of synchronous motor-generator 
sets. This advantage may be nullified, however, if transmission 
conditions in the mine are not good. 


With synchronous motor-generator sets, the current as deliv- 
ered from the substation may be used to operate the motor of the 
set. As the name implies, the motor is in synchronism (step) 
with the central station generators, the speed of which is prac- 
tically constant. The d.c. voltage generated by the set is there- 


12 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Power Plant and Mine Power—cContinued 


fore constant and is not affected by any variation in the trans- 
mission line voltage. 

The generator of a synchronous motor-generator set may be 
wound to give any desired over-compounding to help maintain 
the voltage in the mine. Certain types of rotary converters also 
may be somewhat over-compounded, but this may be offset by 
poor regulation in the transmission lines. 


The Isolated Plant 


Numerous tests of mine power plants have shown as much as 
30 pounds of coal being burned per boiler horsepower in the gen- 
eration of mine power. This shows a great waste, as with proper 
attention the consumption should be from 6 to 10 pounds. The 
latter figures are derived from the rules of good practice: 

10 pounds of coal per hour per square foot of grate area. 

20 square feet of heating surface, per square foot of grate area. 

12 square feet of heating surface, per boiler horsepower. 


On this basis, 10 pounds of coal per hour may be used for every 
20 square feet of heating surface, or one-half, pound per square 
foot of heating surface. Twelve times this quantity, or 6 pounds 
of coal per hour per boiler horsepower, is the consumption which 
should result if the rules of good practice are followed. 


In order to get the maximum work out of the coal burned, the 
following should be observed: 

Keep all outside steam and hot water piping well covered. 

Stop all leaks. 

Keep boiler tubes clean. 

Install boilers of sufficient capacity so that they can be oper- 
ated at the proper percentage of full load under average mine load 
conditions, to give maximum efficiency. 

Supply boilers with hot feed water. 

Fire thin and often. 


Power Plant and Equipment 


The location of the power plant is important and should receive 
careful consideration. In addition to the necessity for a plentiful 
supply of good water, due notice should be taken of the extent of 
the territory to be worked, allowance being made for development 
of the mine with the least amount of copper and for reasonably 
good voltage at points of use. 


It is desirable in all cases wherever possible to have the power 
plant of fire-proof construction, of sufficient size so that the equip- 
ment will not be cramped for space, thus providing for ready ac- 
cessibility of all machines and for removal of boiler tubes, piston 
rods, etc. Provision should be made for such extensions as may 
be required to accommodate future enlargement of capacity. If 
large and heavy machinery is to be installed, the plans for the 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 13 





Power Plant and Mine Current—Continued 


building should include a door large enough to admit the largest 
part and means for moving the equipment into place such as 
cranes or hoists properly supported. 


Boilers 


Boilers are classified as horizontal tubular and water-tube. 
In horizontal tubular boilers, the hot gases from the furnace 
pass through the inside of a number of tubes which aresurrounded 
by water in the boiler shell. 


In the water-tube type the water is contained in the tubes, 
which are connected to drums or headers. The furnace gases cir- 
culate around the outside of the tubes. 


Available space and the maximum rating required, are the de- 
termining factors in selection of the type to be installed. Hori- 
zontal tubular boilers often are better adapted for use in the 
small isolated plant. They are more easily cleaned than a water- | 
tube, hence their operation is not so seriously affected by poor 
water. 


Water supply for boilers in mine regions sometimes contains 
sulphuric acid or certain combinations of calcium (lime), mag- 
nesium, or other impurities, which precipitate (solidify) when 
the water is heated, causing deposits of scale in the boiler. It 
is possible, of course, to extract some of these impurities before 
the water is used in the boilers, but the cost of such processes is 
sometimes prohibitive for small plants. The use of impure 
water precludes the use of the water tube boiler, the tubes of 
which must be kept free from scale for efficient operation. 


The term heating surface with reference to boilers, means that 
part of the surface area which separates fire or gases from water. 


BOILER HORSEPOWER.—tThe committee on boiler tests 
of the A. S. M.E. defines a boiler horsepower as the quantity of 
heat transferred in one hour from the gases to the water causing 
the evaporation of 34.5 pounds of water at 212° F. into steam at 
atmospheric pressure; or, a boiler to develop one boiler horse- 
power must raise 30 pounds of water from a temperature of 100 
degrees Fahrenheit to the temperature of steam at 70 pounds 
pressure, and convert it into steam at that pressure. This is 
purely arbitrary and has been adopted simply as a matter of con- 
venience. On this basis there is no relation between the boiler 
horsepower and the indicated or engine horsepower, which is the 
foot-pounds of work done per minute by the steam in the engine 
cylinder. 


In current practice, boilers are given a nominal horsepower 
rating, based on 12 square feet of heating surface per horse- 
power, this area being considered sufficient to evaporate 34.5 
pounds of water per hour from and at 212° F. under normal oper- 
ating conditions. 











14 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Power Plant and Mine Power—Continued 


BOILER SETTING—Brick is almost universally used in 
settings. A good quality fire brick should be used on the fire 
side of walls, for arches and where high temperature exists. Well 
- burned, sound, red brick may be used in portions of the setting 
which are protected from extreme heat. The relative sizes of 
fire-box and combustion chamber are very important, as this is 
where combustion must take place for the most economical oper-. 
ation of the boiler. If combustion is not completed by the time 
the gases leave the combustion chamber, they will impinge on 
the cooler portions of the boiler and their temperature will be 
reduced below that required for combustion, causing waste of 
fuel in black smoke. To avoid this, boiler settings for hand fir- 
ing are usually built low and wide, to allow the required space 
above the grates. In horizontal tubular settings the minimum 
distance from boiler to grates should be 30 inches. 


If the walls are to support the boilers, they must be thicker 
than if the boilers are supported by a steel frame work. 

Sufficient space should be allowed in front of a setting for the 
removal of any part for repair or replacement. With a hori- 
zontal tubular, allow in front a distance at least equal to the 
length of the tubes, and in the rear 4 to 41% feet. 


Grates 


Grates are divided into two general clsases: hand-fired and 
stoker-fired. 

Hand-fired grates may be stationary, shaking, or rocking and 
dumping. With stationary grates the clinker and ashes must 
be pulled out through the furnace door. In the other types the 
bars are shaken or rocked in groups, by means of levers at 
the front, making it comparatively easy to get rid of ash and to 
break up clinker. 

Stokers are classified as overfeed and underfeed. With the 
overfeed type, which includes the chain grate stoker, the coal is 
fed to the stoker from above, whence it is carried into and through 
the furnace by various methods. Combustion is progressive as 
the coal advances. 

In underfeed stokers, the coal is fed upward from beneath the 
fire. These stokers are economical of space and operate very 
well with the poorer grades of coal. 


Feed Water Heaters 
Boiler feed water may be heated by exhaust steam, live steam, 
separately fired heaters, or by economizers. 
There are two types of exhaust steam feed water heaters, the 
open and the closed. Their purpose is to heat the boiler feed 
water by exhaust steam from engines and pumps. The net 


BoM ONE MUNING HANDBOOK Ua 


ca Se —- eee eS 


Power Plant and Mine Power—cContinued 


saving in coal due to their use is generally given as 1 per cent for 
each 11 degrees F., that the feed water is warmed. It is pos- 
sible with sufficient exhaust steam, to raise the temperature of 
cold feed water at 70 degrees F., to 190 or 200 degrees, this saving 
11 to 12 per cent of the fuel. 


In the open type, the steam entirely fills the chamber, the 
water coming in direct contact with the steam, part of which con- 
denses and is drawn out of the heater with the water. It is es- 
sential with this type that a separator be installed in the steam 
line to the heater to prevent oil from reaching the heater. The 
closed type may be either steam-tube or water-tube, depending on 
whether the steam or the water is conducted through the heater 
in tubes. In either case, however, the steam does not come in 
direct contact with the water. 


The efficiency of an exhaust steam feed water heater must 
decrease with use, due to the accumulation on the tubes or trays 
of the inpurities which are precipitated from the water. In the 
open type of heater, these incrustations are easily disposed of by 
- removing and cleaning the trays, thus maintaining a relatively 
high heater efficiency. 


AN ECONOMIZER consists of a series of vertical cast-iron 
tubes, usually about 4 inches in diameter, placed in the brick 
breeching, and connected at the top and botton to cast-iron 
heaters, through which water is supplied and withdrawn. An 
automatic scraping device removes dust from the outer surfaces 
of the tubes. Practically the same object is accomplished with 
an economizer as with a feed-water heater. With economizers 
however, the water is heated by the hot gases from the boiler fur- 
nace and may be used in the boiler or for some other purpose. 
The chief advantages of economizers are: the increase in boiler 
capacity of the plant; reduction of strains in boilers due to admis- 
sion of cold water; provision of storage for large quantities of 
water at high temperature, holding it available in the event of 
sudden increase in the demand for steam. 

By reason of its location, the economizer causes a slight reduc- 
tion of draft, due to friction of the gases on the tubes and reduc- 
tion in temperature of the gases. This calls for a larger stack 
or mechanical draft. It is necessary to provide a by-pass in the 
breeching for the escape of gases in the event the economizer is 
out of service for repairs or cleaning. 

The actual fuel saving due to the use of economizers has been 
found by numerous tests to be about 11 per cent with a low 
temperature of water supply. 

Condensers 


The purpose of a condenser is to remove part of the pressure 
of the atmosphere from one side of an engine piston to obtain 


16 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Power Plant and Mine Power—Continued 


greater effective pressure of the live steam on the other side, and 
to save boiler water where good feed water is scarce. This is 
accomplished by bringing cool water into direct or indirect con- 
tact with the exhaust steam, so that the steam is quickly con- 
densed, thereby producing a partial vacuum, reducing the 
atmospheric pressure. 

The saving of steam due to the use of a condenser is usually 
given as 20 per cent, but varies with conditions. A material net 
saving will be obtained, however, providing condensing water is 
to be had and the exhaust steam is not needed for heating or 
mechanical purposes. 

There are three main types of condensers, namely: jet, surface 
and barometric. There are several kinds of jet condensers, but 
in each the steam is condensed by being brought into contact 
with a spray of water, the condensate and circulating water 
being drawn out against atmospheric pressure by some form of 
air pump. 

The surface condenser consists of an outside shell with water- 
tight compartments or headers at either end, connected by a 
large number of brass tubes. The circulating water is contained 
in the headers and the tubes, the steam in the shell being con- 
densed by coming in contact with the outer surfaces of the tubes. 


Barometric condensers are essentially jet condensers placed at 
a height above that of the water barometer—34 feet—at the top 
of a discharge pipe, the bottom of which is sealed with water and 
which takes the place of the tail pump of the other jet condensers. 


The jet condenser will handle dirty circulating. water without 
materially reducing its efficiency. In this case, however, the 
mixture of condensate and cooling water should not be used 
over again. | 

With surface condensers, the water of condensation from the 
steam of the cylinders, may be used again for the boilers and the 
circulating water when cooled may be used over and over again. 


If high vacuum is required, either jet or surface condensers 


should be used. 
Superheaters 


Superheaters are for the purpose of heating steam, after it 
leaves the boiler, to a temperature higher than that to which it 
can be heated while in contact with water in the boiler. This 
removes the moisture from the steam. Superheaters are of two 
general classes; those integral with the boiler and those sepa- 
rately fired. The former usually consist of inlet and outlet 
headers connected by a number of boiler tubes, in which the 
steam flows and between which the hot furnace gases pass. 


a 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK iW 








Power Plant and Mine Power—Continued 


Superheating surface has steam on one sideand fireon the other. 


The boiler and furnace efficiency will be slightly increased by 
the installation of a superheater, if properly designed and lo- 
cated. Engine economy however,shows a marked increase by 
the use of a superheater, as cylinder condensation is practically 
eliminated because the steam may cool to the temperature of 
of boiler steam (dry and saturated) before condensation can begin. 


‘The factors which determine the advisability of superheating 
are: Speed, load conditions, fuel cost, and ratio of expansion. 
Low speed, steady load, high fuel cost and high ratios of expan- 
sion favor superheat. 


Mechanical Draft 


Mechanical Draft is of two kinds: the induced and the forced. 
The former is produced by a fan placed in the stack, the gases 
being sucked from the furnace and blown out through the stack. 
This type of draft is usually preferred for new plants as it permits 
_ the use of a comparatively short stack and is positive in its action. 
For old plants however, the installation cost is sometimes pro- 
hibitive. 

Forced draft is produced by a fan or steam jet placed below the 
grates, the air being blown up through the fire. 

The principal advantages of mechanical draft produced by 
fans are: the possibility of regulating the rate of combustion by 
regulating the fan speed; overcoming the draft-reducing effect 
of economizers, thus allowing their use; production of greater 

draft, permitting the use of a cheaper grade of fuel. 


Stacks 


The capacity or draft intensity of a stack is directly propor- 
tional to the square root of its height and to the sectional area, 
within certain limits. The intensity of natural draft equals the 
difference between the weights of the column of heated gas with- 
in the stack and the similar column of air outside. 

An approximate rule for estimating purposes is that a stack 
100 feet high above the grates, with a sectional area of 1 square 
foot, will burn 100 pounds of coal per hour. 

For small plants with one or two boilers, it is good practice 
to install either one or two steel stacks, which must be guyed and 
painted. With larger plants it usually pays to install the self- 
supporting concrete or brick stack. 


Piping 
Proper attention to details in the design, installation and main- 


tenance of the piping system ina plant will result in decided sav- 
ing to the owner. The design of the system depends on the 


18 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Power Plant and Mine Power—Continued 


required steam velocity, condensation and the allowable losses 
by radiation. 


The size of pipe is determined from the allowable steam velocity 
and loss by radiation. 


To properly handle condensation, all piping should be given 
a slight slope in the direction of flow so that condensation will 
flow to the drainage points, which are connected to steam traps. 


Non-return valves should be installed in the steam line to pre- 
vent the back flow of steam from the main in the event of the 
blowing out of a boiler tube or the bursting of a joint. 


Blow-off valves are desirable on small high pressure boilers 
and in all pipe lines where dirty water is required to be blown off. 


All steam piping which is exposed to the air should be well cover- 
ed with a heat-insulating material. The losses due to radiation 
in bare pipe are very great. The saving in condensation with 
well covered pipes as compared to bare pipes, is given by various 
authorities at 65 to 85 per cent. 


Mine Current 


A few of the smaller mine power plants generate alternating 
current, but the great majority of them supply direct current for 
mine use. 


It is practically impossible to state flatly that one kind of elec- 
tric current is better than the other for general mine use, as cer- 
tain classes of service adapt themselves better to one or the other 
kind of current. 


If trolley locomotives are to be used for haulage, they must be 
supplied with direct current, as no satisfactory alternating cur- 
rent locomotive motor has been developed as yet. Coal cutting 
machines, fans, pumps, lighting and tipple equipment may be 
operated with either direct or alternating current, the proper 
choice depending upon local conditions. 


Alternating current wiring in or about a mine must be main- 
tained in good condition, because of the inherent characteristics 
ofa.c. motors. Thestarting or running torque of ana.c. motor, 
or the effort of the rotor to turn, varies as the square of the volt- 
age at the motor; whereas with ad.c. motor the torque is less 
dependent on the voltage. Therefore any drop in voltage due 
to poor wiring will cause a correspondingly greater drop in the 
torque of an a. c. motor. 


The voltage of circuits underground is limited by law in many 
states. To maintain a fair voltage at the points of use, either a 
large investment in copper must be made to take care of the large 
amount of current sometimes required, or an abnormally high 
voltage must be maintained at the substation to take care ot the 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK _ ie) 





Power Plant and Mine Power—cContinued 


line drop. Since the line drop increases directly as the distance 
of transmission, the greater the distance from the substation, the 
greater will be the voltage required at the substation. With al- 
ternating current, the voltage drop in the circuit is made up ot 
two components; namely, resistance drop and reactance drop. 
The former varies inversely as the size of wire; the latter may not 
be much affected by the sizeof wire. Spacing of wire in three-phase 
underground transmission materially affects reactance drop, 
three-wire insulated cable giving the least drop. 


With unity power factor, alternating current for mine circuits 
requires about 75 per cent of the copper required for direct cur- 
rent. This percentage varies inversely as the square of the power 
factor. If the power factor is sufficiently low, therefore, a con- 
dition may exist where the copper required for a.c. may be great- 
er than that required for d. c. to give the same voltage at the 
points of utilization, or the same line loss for the same horse- 
power transmitted. 


) Alternating Current Mining Machines 


Alternating current coal mining machines are usually equipped 
with the squirrel cage type of motor, controlled by a star-delta 
switch. The rotor, or revolving member, consists of a set of bars 
connected to the circular end rings, similar to a squirrel cage, 
hence the name.- There is no electrical connection from the line 
circuit tothe rotor. The line terminals are connected to the sta- 
tor or stationary member, the current in thecoils of which produces 
a rotating magnetic field, which drags the rotor around with it. 


The speed of the rotor is practically constant, and depends 
on the number of poles and the trequency of the circuit. While 
changes in supply voltage have marked effect on the ability of 
the a.c. motor to start and pull a load, they do not have the 
same effect on the speed as with the d.c. motor, Changes in 





Fia.t 


speed can therefore only be made by changing the frequency of 
the a.c. supply circuit or the number of poles in the motor. 
The controller is usually a drum switch, which connects the 
stator coils first in star and then in delta, as indicated in Fig, 1. 


20 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Power Plant and Mine Power—Continued 


With the star connection about 58 percent of the line voltage is 
applied to the stator windings; with the delta connection, full 
line voltage is applied. No resistance is used either at starting 
or during the operation of the motor. 


Alternating current is generally used three-phase; because 
three-phase motors have better starting characteristics than 
single-phase or two-phase motors. 


When direct current is used, large and expensive feeders must 
be installed in the mine to maintain good voltage at the points of 
utilization. When alternating current is used, ‘‘step-up”’ trans- 
formers, light power lines and finally “‘step-down”’ transformers, 
may be installed to maintain any desired working voltage; or the 
current can be taken into the mine in a lead-sheathed cable, at 
2300 volts and transformed close to the points of use, to practical 
working voltages. As the work advances, the transformers. can 
be moved nearer the face, thus maintaining full voltage at all 
times. This is important since an a. c. motor runs at practically 
constant speed when the voltage is reduced, but the torque falls 
off very rapidly, as explained above. <A 440-volt a. c. motor 
operating on 220 volts would runat practically normal speed but 
would develop only about one-fourth its normal running torque. 
If the voltage drops enough, the motor will “‘pull out of step’; 
that is, it will stop. Onthe other hand it is quite common to 
find a d. cc. motor operating on half voltage. 

For satisfactory performance of a. c. coal cutting machines the 
following points must be observed: 

1. Voltage must be maintained approximately normal at the 
points of use. 

2. Wiring must be installed in best possible manner with well 
soldered joints. 

3. Transformers must be kept close to the workings. 

4, Machines should be started without load if possible. 


5. Feed should be stopped and cutter chain freed before pow- 
er is shut off with machine in coal. 


6. All connections must be tight, and controller contacts 
must be kept clean and bright. 


Transformer Connections 


Transformers are used to change the voltage of alternating 
current, either from a higher to a lower, or from a lower to a 
higher voltage. When used to reduce voltage, they are called 
“step down’”’ transformers and when used to increase voltage, 
they are called “‘step up’’ transformers. Some makes of step- 
down transformers have three ‘‘tap off’’ points on the low-ten- 
sion side, making it possible to get 220, 240, or 275 volts. It is 





_GOOPMAN MINING HANDBOOK 2 


Power Plant and Mine Power—Continued 


possible, therefore, to compensate for line drop making neces- 
sary the moving of the transformer less frequent. There being no 
moving parts in the transformer, it requires little attention other 
than to see that connections are kept tight. 


For mine work, when three-phase current is used, either three 
single-phase transformers or one three-phase transformer may 
be-used. When three single-phase transformers are used they 
are generally connected in delta as shown in Fig. 2. This con- 
nection is most suitable for mine work, since service will not be 
interrupted if one transformer fails, in which case the connection 
would be as shown in Fig. 3, known as open delta. 


AA LA 
Pee 


Fia.2 Fia.3 Fia4 


When closed delta is used, the capacity of this bank of trans- 
formers is equal to the sum of the individual capacities of the 
three units, expressed in kilo-volt-amperes or k.v.a. When 
open delta is used the transformers will deliver only 86.6 percent 
of their combined capacity. ‘The capacity of the three trans- 
formers for a given work should, therefore, be large, in order 
that a large percentage of the motors may operate, should one 
of the transformers fail. When connected in delta each trans- 
former is subjected to full line voltage, but the amperage in each 
transformer is only 57.8 per cent of the amperage in each wire. 


Sometimes it is advantageous to connect transformers in Y 
or star, as shown in Fig. 4, in which case the neutral point of 
both high and low voltage sides should be grounded. With 
this connection, if one transformer fails, the bank of trans- 
formers is inoperative. The voltage on each transformer is 


fad GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Power Plant and Mine Power—Continued 


57.8 percent of the line voltage, but the current in each trans- 
former is the same as that in each line lead. This connection 
is on the side of safety, since a ground on any one of the lines 
will short-circuit that line, blow the fuse or breaker and render 
the line inoperative, thus protecting the men and minimizing 
the danger of fire. } 


Induction Motor Speeds 


The following table shows the synchronous or no-load speed of 
induction motors with various numbers of poles and at various 
frequencies. The full-load speed depends on the design of the 
motor and is from 90 to 75 percent of the synchronous speed. 
The difference between synchronous speed and full-load speed, 
divided by the synchronous speed, is known as the “slip.” 
It is usually expressed in percentage of synchronous speed. 
For example, the synchronous speed of a 4-pole motor on 60 
cycles is 1800 r.p.m. and the full-load speed is 1620 r.p.m. 
The slip is, therefore (1800—i620) + 1800, or 180+1800=10 per 
Cent: 


Synchronous Speeds. 














Number of — 60 50 40 30 INS) 
Poles Cycles Cycles Cycles Cycles Cycles 
2 3600 3000 2400 1800 1500 
4 1800 | 1500 1200 900 750 
6 1200 | 1000 890 600 500 
8 900 750 600 450 ge 
10 720 600 480 360 300 
12 600 500 400 300 250 
14 514 428 343 25 214 
16 450 375 300 225 187 
18 400 333 266 200 166 
20 360 300 240 180 150 
This table is based on the formula, 
S=120 x f+p. 
wherein, 
S = Synchronous speed in rotations per minute. 
f = Frequency, or cycles per second. 
p = Total number of north and south poles. 


To reverse a three-phase motor, interchange any two of the 
three line wires. To reverse a two-phase motor, reverse the 
leads of either of the two phases. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 23 








Kilowatts and Horsepower 
0.746 Kilowatts = 1 Horsepower 








Kilowatts to Horsepower Horsepower to Kilowatts 




















Kw. | Horsepower | Kw. |Horsepower§ Hp.| Kilowatts || Hp.| Kilowatts 

1 1,341 §5 le U8 1 . 746 55 41.03 
2 2.681 60 80. 436 2, 1.492 60 44.76 
3 4.022 65 87.139 3 2.238 65 48.49 
4 5.363 70 93.842 4 2.984 70 S2022 
5 6.703 ts 100.545 5 3.730 75 §5.95 
6 8.044 80} 107.248 6 4.476 80 59.68 
7 9.384 85 113.951 7 Ri, Sp 85 63.41 
8 10.725 90 120. 654 8 5.968 90 67.14 
9 12.065 95 127.357 9 6.714 95 70.87 
10 13.406 100 134.048 10 7.460 100 74.60 
il 14.747 110} 147.47 11 8.206 110 82.06 
12 16.087 120} 160.87 12 8.952 120 89.52 
13 17.428 130 174.28 13 9.698 130 96.98 
14 18.768 140} 187.68 14 10.444 140] 104.44 
15 20.109 150] 201.09 15 11.190 150} 111.90 
16 21.450 160; 214.50 16 11.936 160] 119.36 
17 22.790 170] 227.90 17 12.682 170 | 126.82 
18 24.131 180 241.31 18 13.428 180 134.28 
19 25.471 190] 254.71 19 14.174 190] 141.74 
20 26.812 200} 268.12 20 14.920 200} 149.20 
22 29.493 220} 294.93 22 16.412 220} 164.12 
24 32.174 240 321.74 24 17.904 240 179.04 
26 34.856 260 348.56 26 19. 396 260 193.96 
28 SYP nei 280 | 375.37 28 20.888 280} 208.88 
30 40.218 300] 402.18 30 22.380 300] 223.80 
32 42.899 325] 435.69 32 23.872 325 | 242.45 
34 45.580 350 469.21 34 25.364 350 261.1 

36 48.261 400} 536.24 36 26.856 400| 298.4 

38 50.943 450 603.27 38 28.348 450 S315) ¢/ 

40 53.624 500 | 670.30 40 29.840 500 | 373.0 

42 56.305 600} 804.36 42 31.332 600} 447.6 

44 58.986 700 | 938.42 44 32.824 LOO} MeO 22 2 

46 61.667 800 | 1072.48 46 34.316 800} 596.8 

48 64. 349 900 | 1206.54 48 35.808 900] 671.4 

50 67.030 ||1000 | 1340.60 50 37.300 |1000} 746.0 





24 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Transmission Line Calculations 
Direct Current 


I. Area of conductor, circular mils... C=21.6xLxXI~+e 
From whithice to. e=21.6xXLxXT+C 
L={€ Xe) = C16x) 
I=(C Xe) +(21.6XL)_ 


IJ. Current in each conductor, am- 


Peres he sec anit eee I=W+E 
Ero whichs..o eee E=W-+I 
W=IXE 
III. Current in each conductor, am- 
DeLee er eRe Got eee es I=E+R (Ohm’s Law) 
Fron whicht.t.c50 ee R=E+I 
E=IXR 
lV. Line loss; volts.ciccl ie a es e=PXE~+100 
Hromcuwhichwei oF $e a. P=100Xe+E 
E=100Xe+P 
V. Weight of copper, pounds....... G=(L?XI) +(7560 Xe) 
From avnich.s. 2) een, e =(L?XI1) + (7560 G) 


I =7560XGXe+L? 
L= V7500xXGXe+lI 


Vio Resistance sonms. ee ee cere R=10.8xXL+C 
Fronivwhich et. 4.60. C=10.8XL+R 
Gb RxXG=10:8 

wherein: 


L =Distance of transmission, one way, in feet 


E =Voltage between conductors at delivery end of circuit (dis- 
tance L) 


e= Voltage drop at distance L. 
P= Percentage loss of power W, at distance L. 
W =Total watts delivered at distance L. 


1. EXAMPLE—What size wire should be used to transmit 160 
amperes a distance of 300 feet with 8 volts drop. 


Solution A.—By equation is 


CH216xLXI +e 
= 21.6 300 X 160 +8 
= 129,600 c. m. © 


The nearest size of wire larger than this is 00, whose area 
is 133,100 c. m. 


BOSE MAN UMINING “HANDBOOK: 


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Transmission Line Calculations 
Diagram 1—Direct Current 
Instructions for use, following page. 



















































































































SF LEAF PP Ae? PHP P af 


' DISTANCE IN FEET, ONE WAY 


26 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Transmission Line Calculations 


Direct Current—Continued 


Solution B.—By diagram 1: 


From the intersection of the horizontal line for 8 volts drop 
with the diagonal for 300 feet distance, trace vertically upward - 
to the horizontal line for 160 amperes. This intersection falls 
on the diagonal for 00 wire, which is the proper size to use. 


By similar methods of tracing, any one of the four factors of 
the equation may be found when the other three are known. 


2. EXAMPLE.—What will be the current in each conductor 
with a load of 80 horsepower and 200 volts at the load. 


Solution A.—By Equation II: 


I=W+E 
Now Watts = Horsepower X 746 
Hence W =80 X 746 = 59600 
and I =59600 +200 


= 298.4 amperes 


Solution B.—By diagram 2: 


From the intersection of the horizontal line for 60 thousand 
watts (approximating 59,600 watts) with the diagonal for 200 
volts, trace vertically down, reading 300 amperes at the bottom 
of the diagram. See note below. 


3. EXAMPLE.—What is the percentage of line loss with 35 
volts drop and 250 volts at the load. 


Solution A.—By equation IV: 


P=100Xe+E 
= 10035 +250 
=14% 


Solution B.—By diagram 2: 


From the intersection of the horizontal line for 35 volts drop, 
with the diagonal for 250 volts, trace vertically upward to read 
14% at the top of the diagram. 


Note.—This diagram is for use in solving problems involving 
(2) line loss in percent, volts drop and voltage; or (3) watts, 
voltage and amperes, but cannot be used for solving problems 
involving other combinations of these quantities. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK a3 


Transmission Line Calculations 
Diagram 2—Direct Current 


Instructions for use, preceding page. 


LINE LOSS IN PERCENT 
360 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 
SS ee ee 


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28 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Transmission Line Calculations 
Alternating Current 


These formulas, and the tables of constants following are 
based upon a spacing of 18 inches for the wires, and results are 
sufficiently accurate for practical purposes with wires approx- 
imately that distance apart. Capacity has been neglected. 


I. Area of conductor, 
circular mils... C=LXWXK+(PXE?) 
From which.... P=LXWxXxK+(CXE2) 
E=vLXWXK+(CXP) 
L=CXPXE*+(WxXK) 
W=CXPXE*+(LXK) 
II. Current in each 
conductor, am- 


DEKeS, aoe eae I=WXT+E 
From which.... E=WxT +I 
W=IKE+T 


III. Loss in line, volts. e=PXEXM +100 
From which.... P=100Xe+(E XM) 
E=100Xe+(PXM) 
IV. Weight of copper, 
poutids: i. }:.@: G=L?XWxXKXA+(PXE?X 1,000,000) 
wherein, 
A=Constant (see Table I following). 
L = Distance of transmission one way, in feet. 
E =Voltage between .main conductors at delivery end of cir- 
cuit (distance L). 
K=For single phase: 2160+square of power factor (see 
Table I following). 
=For 2 phase 4-wire, or 3-phase 3-wire: 2160+twice the 
square of the power factor (see Table I following). 
M =Constant (see Table III following). 
P=Percent loss of power, at distance L. 
T =Constant (see Table IT following). 
W =Total watts delivered at distance L. 


Power factors for balanced circuits. 
Actual Watts Delivered 
Volts X Amperes 


2-phase, A-wires,)......./22 Actual Watts, Totals iT 
2X Volts Amperes (per phase) 


S-phase, 3-wiress. ae ee a ae ____Actual Watts, Total 
1.73 Volts Amperes (per phase) 


Single phase 48 wen, cone 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 20 





HORSE - POWER 


B75 GAUGE 


Lal 
4 
Z 
r 
a 


20g 
: 
a 
ae 





Transmission Line Calculations 


Diagram 3— Alternating Current. 
220-Volt, 3-Phase Circuits, 10% Drop. 


For other voltages and phases, see instructions for use of 
diagram, on the following page. 


This diagram does not pertain to the heating of wires 


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30 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Transmission Line Calculations 
Alternating Current—Continued 


EXAMPLE.—What size wire should be used to transmit 25 
horsepower at 220 volts, with 10% drop, on a 3-phase 3-wire line 
1000 feet long, with an 80% power factor? 


Solution A.—By equation 1: 
1000X 25 X 746 X 1690 


- 10 1982 
= 3-700 cut. 


The nearest size of wire larger than this is No. 1, whose area 
Wer O52090 Ceti. 


Solution B.—By diagram 3: 


Starting at the upper left side at 25 horsepower, trace hori- 
zontally to the diagonal line for 80% power factor; thence ver- 
tically down to the line for 1000 feet; thence horizontally to the 
left to find the required size of wire, No. 1. 


On single-phase circuit the wire must have twice the area given 
by the diagram. 


On 2-phase, 4-wire circuit the wire must be the same size as © 
shown by the diagram. 


On 440-volt circuit the distance that a given horsepower can 
be carried with 10% loss will be four times the value in the dia- 
gram; or the power can be made four times as large with the dis- 
tance the same. 


Value of Constants 


For Use in Foregoing Formulas 
Table I. Values of A and K. 








Percent Power Factor 





2 | w 1 Re ae ere en ee i, kl, 
AOE Waar ites 0) | 95 | 90 | 85 | 80 | 75 | 70 
A | | A 


Values of K 





2 6.04 | 2160} 2400 | 2660 | 3000 3380 3910 | 4410 
2.141} 12.08. | 1080} 1200 | 1330). 1500 | ' 1690 }.1920))/52210 
3:11. 9.06" 1210807) 12007) 13305)" 1500 771690 | 19 20 eee 


‘ GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK _31 





Transmission Line Calculations 
Alternating Current—Continued 


Table II. Values of T 


Percent Power Factor 









































Phases] Wires| 400.| 951,90 | 850 180.) 75. 4.70 
Values of T 
1 2 POA es OSs Wlaciel edt daly leon pelo oct tees 
2 4 | eu, | oie | .56 .59 .62 | .67 af 
3 5 inte: O15 IOs .68 bes Ries. .82 
Table III Values of M 
Wire a Percent Power Factor 
No., 
B.&S 95 | 90 | 85 80 75 | 70 
Gauge 
Values of M—60 Cycles 
0000 162 1.84 1.99 2.09 2.16 CLL 
000 1.49 1.66 CRL7 1.88 1.96 DOS 
00 1.34 te52 1.60 1.66 1270 Hers 
0 Fol 1.40 1.46 1.49 PS t 152 
1 1.24 Lge i234 1.36 1.38 138 
2 1.18 123 oo 1226 25 1.26 
3 1.14 ely Ris Pelz 1-15 ee? 
4 Lett tet? teit 10 1.09 1207 
5 1.08 1.08 1.06 1.04 1:02 1 
6 1205 1.04 tf OZ 1 1 1 
7 P03 TO2 1 1 1 1 
*8 Pa? 1 1 1 1 1 
| Values of M—25 Cycles 
0000 1323 1.29 1233 1.34 1.34 1530 
000 1.18 Lee 1.24 1.24 23 1520 
00 1.14 V6 1.16 LEG iis a 
0 1.10 hen le P10 1.09 1.06 1.04 
1 TOW 1207 1.05 1403 1 1 
2 705 1.04 1.02 1 1 1 
3 TAGS 1 Oe 1 1 1 1 
| 1ROZ 1 1 1 1 1 





*For wires smaller than shown in table, the value of M is 1 at all power 
factors. 


BZ GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Rail Bonds 


PURPOSE.—The purpose of a rail bond is to provide an 
electrical connection between rail ends, and thus cut down 
the power loss at rail joints in case the track is used as a return 
for the electric current. 

SELECTION.—There are three major classes of bonds; 
namely, the arc-weld, the compressed terminal, and the pin- 
driven terminal. Under each major division there .are three 
classes; namely, the protected, the semi-protected and the 
exposed. 

If the roadbed is well laid, as ona main haul, it may be ad- 
visable to use the protected bond, placed under the fish plate. 
If, however, the road bed is not solid and if there is likely to 
be more or less shifting and movement of the rail ends, the 
exposed bond should be used, as it can be inspected more readily 
than a bond placed under the fish plate. 

The semi-protected type is really a combination of the other 
two classes. In this type, the body or central part of the 
bond is placed under the fish plate, while the terminals are 
located beyond the ends of the plate. This arrangement for 
compressed terminal or pin-driven terminal possesses some of 
the advantages of the protected bond and also permits ready 
inspection of the terminals, but is not feasible for the arc-welded 
bond, which should never be placed under the fish plate. 

The use of a bond whose resistance is as low as that of the 
rail would necessitate an initial expense which would not ‘be 
offset by a corresponding gain in power. A loss, therefore, 
is suffered at each rail joint. 

If protected or semi-protected bonds are to be used, their size 
must be determined with due consideration of the available 
space under the fish plate so as to prevent binding by the plate. 

Exposed bonds should be 6 inches longer than the fish plate. 
Cross bonds should be 12 inches longer than the track gauge. 
The use of bonds too short usually results in breakage due to 
crystallization. 

INSTALLATION.—A bond is no better than the joint it 
makes with the rail. In order to assure a good electrical con- 
tact, with pin-driven or compressed-terminal bonds, the hole 
in the rail should be the exact size of the bond terminal, and the 
bond should be applied immediately after the hole is drilled. 
If this is impracticable, all rust, dirt or moisture should be cleaned 
out of the hole before applying the bond. 

For arc-weld bonding clean the rail with a wire brush. It 
is not necessary to grind the rail. 

Both rails should be bonded. Cross bonds should be applied 
every 100 or 150 feet. 

Particular attention should be given to bonding around 
switches and frogs. 

The pressure applied to compressed terminals should be suf- 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK ays) 





Rail Bonds— Continued 


ficient to cause the metal actually to flow and thus become forced 
into good contact with the rail. Care should be taken in apply- 
ing pins in pin-driven bonds to see that the driving pin goes 
straight into the hole, to equalize the distribution of metal. 


MAINTENANCE.—The rail bonding should be inspected at 
regular intervals; loose terminals tightened and broken bonds 
replaced. 

Feeling for hot rail joints or shaking the bond to see if it is loose 
is a guess-work method of testing bond. A bond may be tight 
and still make a poor contact with the rail, due to a film of oil or 
ue foreign matter being lodged between the terminal and the 
rail. 

The proper method of testing bonds is to use a bond testing 
meter, consisting of two milivoltmeters. This bond tester gives 
the reistance of the rail joint and bond in terms of length of rail. 
If it is established that a properly installed bond should be the 
equivalent of 4 to 5 feet of rail, all bonds which show under test 
a resistance greater than this amount should be given attention. 
. With the use of a bond tester, a large number of bonds can be 
tested accurately in a short time. 


: Size of Bond 


Determination of the size of bond required for any given con- 
dition involves consideration of numerous factors. The following 
series of formulas will yield the desired results, and for avoiding 
mathematical calculations the-corresponding diagrams may be 
used. 

The determination will be illustrated throughout by solution 
of the following: 

EXAMPLE.—Find the size of bond to install in 1 mile of track; 
60-Ib. rails in 30-ft. lengths; rail-to-copper resistance ratio 12 to 1; 
bond length 14 in.; allowable track loss 5 volts per 100 amperes 
per mile; current 600 amperes total, or 300 in each rail. 

The total resistance of a length of track is the sum of the 
resistances of the rails, the bonds and the bond contacts, and 
equals half the resistance of each rail. This may be expressed 
by the equation: 

1" R= (XxL) +{Nx (VY + Z)} 

2 





wherein, 

total resistance of the track return, ohms 

total track loss (e) in volts, divided by the current in 
the track circuit (I) in amperes. 

resistance of rail, ohms per foot 

length of track, feet 

number of rail lengths (number of bonds) in one side 
of track, or, 


ZMK 
out 


34 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Rail Bonds—Continued 


N = total length of track (L) in feet, divided by one rail ~ 

length (1) in feet 

Y = resistance of bond, center to center of terminals, ohms 

Z = contact resistance of one bond (two contacts); taken at 

.000,005 ohms, in good practice. 

The example gives: R=5 x 6+600=.05; L=5280; N= 
5280+30=176. With Z=.000,005, only X and Y remain 
unknown. 

Substituting in Equation I: 

os = Xx 5280 +4176 x (¥+.000,005) } 


2 
From which: 


IL ya 0.1-(X x 5280) 


176 
To solve for Y, the value of rail resistance X must be found. 
RAIL RESISTANCE (X) is determined from: the unit 
resistance of copper, the steel-to-copper resistance ratio of the 
rails used, and the sectional area of the rail in circular mils, 
which is the product of the area in square inches and the number 
of circular mils per square inch. This may be expressed by 


the equation: 
I X=(KxS)+(B x PxM) 


—.000,005 





wherein, 
X = resistance of rail, ohms per foot 
K = unit resistance of copper, ohms per mil-foot (usually 
taken at 10.37) 
S = rail-copper resistance ratio 
B = circular mils per square inch (1,273,250) 
P = sectional area of rail expressed as percentage of its 


weight in pounds per yard (9.8 percent, or .098) 
M = weight of rail, pounds per yard 
In the example: S= 123 M =60. 
Substituting known values in Equation III: 
X = (10.37 x 12) +(1,273,250 x .098 x 60) 
= .000,016,5 ohms per foot 
Diagram 1 makes the same solution, being based on Equation 
III, with values as above for K, B and P. 
BOND RESISTANCE then is found by substituting the 
above value of X in Equation II: 
Pe 0.1 —(.000,016,5 x 5280) _ 000,005 


176 
.000,065 ohms 
resistance of proper bond to use 
BOND AREA—Knowing the bond resistance Y, the sectional 
area of the proper bond may be determined by the equation: 


I ll 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 35 





Rail Bonds—cContinued 


IV. F=KxA+Y 
wherein, 

F = area of bond, circular mils 

K = unit resistance of copper =10.37 ohms per mil-foot. 

A length of bond, feet 

iy, resistance of bond, center to center of terminals, ohms 

In the example: A=14+12, amirey as determined above, 
=.000,065. K=10.37. 
Then, by Equation IV: 

F = 10.37 x (14+12) +.000,065 
= 186,128 circular mils. 

Diagram 2 makes the same solution, based on Equation IV, 
with K =10.37. 

Wiring Tables will give the same result, if first the Bond 
Resistance (Y) from Equation II is reduced to ohms per foot of 
co A ae UL le a RT aI 


lt i i 


Diagram 1—Rail Resistance 









































RAIL RESISTANCE, MICROHMS (00000!10HMS)PER FOOT 


Starting at the left side of the diagram, at the line for 60-lb. 
rail, trace horizontally to the right to the diagonal for 12 to 1 
rail-copper ratio; thence vertically down to find the rail resistance, 
16.5 microhms, or .000,016,5 ohms, per foot. No deduction is 
necessary in practice for that part of the rail length from the 
bond contacts to the rail ends. 


36 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Rail Bonds—Continued 


length: Y=.000,065 for 14-in. bond length. .000,065+14 x 12 
=0.000,057 ohms per foot. By wiring table this resistance lies 
between No. .000 and No. 0000, which latter is the size to be used. 


Copper Equivalent and Current Capacity 


Thus far the calculations have been for the purpose of deter- 
mining the size of bond necessary to keep the voltage drop within 
specified limits. It is necessary, however, to be sure that the 
bond has sufficient current carrying capacity to prevent over- 
heating. 

COPPER EQUIVALENT—It would be useless to install 
a bond having a greater current capacity than the rail. The 
section of copper, equivalent to the rail, may be determined 
from the formula: 





Diagram 2—Area of Bond 


















ye ow 
© & oe 
op i RS OE EG ea tae Gd ME ee 
eS RLS Ee SL ETS 
ened Diet ieh | NN MAR 2) SA Oe 
0 Beeas ES es sel © 60 
S 200 0° as 
ogg Ran DRIER ee a an ORB 2 “ ex 
© 160 Pal Ven”, V o o 
near EAE A BOy Sayer) | | 
(a) Rei A ee Co) 
=e a a ae 
at REAEWAE A ANGZAEN OC tee 
Sh a A ORS ey, of 
2) rN eee 6° 
CVD Cie a Mie] 
pak ee Aa ee ee 
~ BAe te ase 
O Vor ie ae ee Cae 
Zz ¢o_— } We aaa ese 
racine RSS Ae peal SE Daranrs 
9) PADD Gis 2 Pad AE ee et le 
0 BAS AW Ab 769 ADEA ryan ee 
PPA As ae cava ie ae ue 


; 8°9 10 \2 4 16 1820 24 0 36 42 48 
TOTAL LENGTH OF BOND, INCHES 


Starting at the left side of the diagram, at the line for 65 
microhms resistance per foot of rail, trace horizontally to the 
right to the vertical line for 14-in. bond. The nearest diagonal 
< Sea of this intersection gives the size of bond to use, 

O. : 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK oa) 








Rail Bonds—Continued 
Vion q =124,777 x M+S 
copper equivalent, circular mils 


M = weight of rail, pounds per yard 
= rail-copper ratio 


From the example given: 
q =124,777 x 60+12 
= 623,885 circular mils 
The bond selected should not be larger than this. 
Diagram 3 makes the same solution, based on Equation V. 


CURRENT CAPACITY OF BOND—The current density 
may be obtained from the formula: 





Diagram 3—Copper Equivalent 



























LAU ~S Le 

fad MN Gok an mt a oa a aa ae aT ea 
Smee a 225 ae wa 
faa ee ee oot ee Ca BARS ae ae 
alate al ede aes a we 
Cee eal a ea a 
en Ale Aor clare 
Se Oa apes 
OCS AV See 
ea Ae eel le eee | 
PATH ae 










ree 
Iya 
CCM 


6 
BO 20100 120 140 IGCIROZCO 250 300350400 500 600 1T0O80CG 1000 I2001400 


COPPER EQUIVALENT THOUSANDS OF CIRCULAR MILS 


Starting at the left side of the diagram, at the line for 60-Ib. rail, 
trace horizontally to the right to the diagonal for 12-to-1 rail- 
copper ratio; thence vertically down to find the copper equivalent 
of the rail, 630, 000 circular mils. This is the area of copper which 
will havea current carrying capacity equivalent to that of the rail, 
and closely approximates the value above as determined by use of 
the equation. 





















WEIGHT OF RAIL, POUNDS PER YARD 





38 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Rail Bonds—Continued 
VI. D=F-+I 


wherein, 
D = current density, circular mils per ampere 
area of bond, circular mils 
I current in each rail of track, amperes 
In the example: F=211,600, for No. 0000 bond; 1=600+2 
sas ERENCE: 


D =211,600 +300 
= 705 circular mils per ampere. 

This is very conservative, as 400 circular mils per ampere is 
considered a fair average. At this density, the bond would 
have a current capacity of 211,600+400=529 amperes. 

Diagram 4 makes the same solution, based on Equation VI. 





Diagram 4—Current Capacity 














eee 
BSS Se Seen an 


a OS a Ramee ana 
So arava 














(25 Eee Shh ae. 


BE 
Hi ar or 
VA Hy Pea 














so 
wo 125 150 15 200 259 300 58) 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1600 2000 


CURRENT CAPACITY OF BOND, AMPERES 


AREA OF BOND, THOUSANDS OF CIRCULAR MILS 
a8 


Starting at the left side of the diagram, at the line for No. 0000 
bond, trace horizontally to the right to the diagonal for 400 
circular mils per ampere; thence, vertically down to find the 
current capacity of the bond, 525 amperes. With 300 amperes 
of current flowing in each rail, a No. 0000 bond would have an 
area of 700 circular mils per ampere. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 39 


Rail Bonds—Continued 


Conductivity of Double-Bonded Track 


Table 1 (next page) gives the copper equivalent per foot of 
double-bonded track, or the area of copper having resistance 
equivalent to the average resistance per foot of bonded track. 
The sizes of bond given are those generally used. Inspection 
of columns 5 and 6 shows that the shorter bond, which has less 
resistance, gives a greater conductivity to the rail and is there- 
fore preferable, providing conditions will permit its use. 


In computing this table no deductions were made from the 
rail length for that part of the rail between the bond contacts 
and rail ends. In other words the resistance of the bonds com- 
plete was considered as being distributed over the entire rail 
length. 


The values of copper equivalent were computed from the 
following formulae: 


VILL YeyxL 
VIII. T=(Y+Z)+A 
EX U=T+X 
2& =K+U 
wherein, 


Y = Resistance of bond, ohms. — 

Resistance of bond, ohms per foot. 

Length of bond, feet. 

Resistance of bond and contacts, ohms per foot of rail. 

Contact resistance of one bond—two contacts. 

Rail length in feet. 

Average resistance of single rail, ohms per foot, including 

rail, bond and contacts. 

= Resistance of rail, ohms per foot, obtainable from 
Diagram 1. 

Q = Copper equivalent of bonded single rail, circular mils. 

K = Unit resistance of copper, ohms per mil-foot. 


Go ee Nie 
Hud it ied 


n 80-pound rail, 30-inch pin-terminal, 2-0000 bond: 
(.000,049 + 2) x 2.5 

.000,061,25 ohms 

(.000,061,25 + .000,005) + 30 

.000,002,21 

.000,002,21 + .000,012,5 

.000,014,71 

10.37 + .000,014,71 

704,963 c.m. 


Two rails, having half the resistance of a single rail, will 
have a copper equivalent of twice the circular mils of one rail, 
or, 20 = 1,409,926 c.m. 


A 


Pid kbd du tia» 


40 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Rail Bonds—Continued 


Table 1—Conductivity of Double-Bonded Track 
Unit Resistance of Copper, 10.37 Ohms per Mil-Foot, at 68° F. 
~ Rail to Copper Ratio, 12 to 1. 
Rail Length, 30 feet. 


Actual Area Area of Copper Equiva- 








Weight Single Rail Size Sarr RR FORNEY Fou: 
Lb. Bond 
per Yd. | Square Circular Pin-Terminal| Arc-Weld, 
Inches Mils 30-inch Bond}i0-inch Bond 
100 9.80 |12,477,700 | 2-0000 1,798,600 | 1,911,500 
95 9.32 {11,853,815 | 2-0000 1,631,800 | 1,827,300 
90 8.82 |14,229,930 4)" 2—0000 1,558,200°)) 1,735,600 
85 8.33 |10,606,045 | 2-0000 1,480,400 | 1,639,600 
80 7.84 9,982,160 | 2—-0000 1,410,000 | 1,553,500 
75 To 9,358,275 | 2-0000 1,337,200 | 1,465,700 
70 6.86 8,734,390 | 2-0000 1,256,200 | 1,369,000 
65 6.36 8,110,505 | 2-0000 L177 f000) 0275200 
60 5.88 7,486,620 | 2-0000 1,096,800 | 1,181,800 
55 5.38 6,862,735 0000 923,800 | 1,052,200 
50 4.90 6,238,850 0000 855,300 962,300 
45 4,42 5,614,955 0000 775,300 863,100 
40 S092 4,991,080 0000 709,100 781,800 
Rh) 3.43 4,367,195 0000 631,400 688,300 
30 2.94 3,743,310 00 522,400 581,700 
25 2.45 3,119,425 00 447,000 490,100 
20 1.96 2,495,540 00 367,700 396,400 
16 ey 1,996,432 0 293,500 317,100 
12 1.175 | 1,497,324 0 226,700 242,400 
8 184 998,216 0 155,700 162,200 


One square inch = 1,273,250 c.m. 


The copper equivalent of a rail, in circular mils at 12 to 1 
rail to copper ratio, is approximately 10,000 times its weight 
in pounds per yard, with a 10 or 12 inch bond. This also 
applies to track. Thus a track laid with 50-pound rail, weighs 
100 pounds per yard. Its copper equivalent will be approxi- 
mately 1,000,000 circular mils. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK Al 





Current Required for D. C. Motors 


Amperes at Various Voltages 


Hare Amperes 


Power | Efficiency*| Watts 
of Per Cent | Input 

















110 220 250 500 550 
Motor Volts Volts Volts Volts -} Volts 
1 65 1148} 10.4 re 4.58 2.29 2.08 


2 65 2299) eE20 28) | 1054 Osi6 92 4) S8ine 4.16 
244| 65 2870] 26.0 ont 11.45 S52 S21 
344} 75 3481} 31.6 IES ats) 1339 ORO mn sae 


5 75 4973) 45. 
7%| 80 6994| 63. 
10 80 9325) ° 84. 
15 85 15105 (aL 19: 


2200 19.9 9.95, 9.04 
chhad Zia £32951 2d 
42.3 372 18.6 16.9 
20) es Dae 20,4 \) 23.9 


CoO HN Ute 


20 85 17353) 159: 
gs 90 20770| 189. 
30 90 | 24864] 225. 
40 90 39202) 302, 


79.8 1052, ee Soa sr 
94.5 S351 41.6] 37.8 
12D Veo Te ran fea a 
Lola oth £190.03) eeOO lea OO ns 


One CONG = ON 


50 90 | 41540} 378 189205 1600 2am Sout 75.6 
75 90 | 62310} 567 28325.) 24973) | 124/81) 11354 
100 93 80215} 729 $64.3: 320.5" 100.3 |" 14977 
Wie 93 100269} 912 456 401 2002S) AS 2e3 


150 93 {120322} 1094 547 481 240.7 | 219 
200 94 |158510] 1442 721 634 317 288 


*Nore—Efficiencies are taken arbitrarily. A variation in these percentages will make 
proportionate changes in watts and amperes. 


- 


42 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Full Load Current of Induction Motors 








Single Phase Two Phase Three Phase 
Hp. 
110 | 220 440 110 220 440 110 220 440 
Volts} Volts} Volts | Volts | Volts | Volts | Volts | Volts | Volts 
1 11.1 5:25 Dial 5.6 2.8 1.4 6.4 SF.2 1.6 
Pa 21 TOs Ss. Syed, 10.6 Sind 2.6 12.2 6.1 3.0 
3 3011550 ies & Sie wd Syeil Nh S 8.7 4.3 
4 38.4) 19.2 9.6 19,2 9.6 4.8 222 a ef 5.5 
5 AGE TEAS 11.6 23-3 11.6 5.8 Dia. 13.5 6.7 
7344) 68.5] 34.2 17.0 34.2 17.1 On 39.6 19.8 9.4 
1 90.3) 45.1 22D 45.3 22.6 Tis 52 23 2604 1350 
15 135 67.5 Sa 67.7 SHA fee! 16.4 78.3 39.1 19.5 
20 |176 88.0 44.0 88.2 44.1 22 O01 102 51.0 DAS Pens 
2220 110 55 -O| 110 55.0 QTd, 63.5 Sle7 
30 (263 131 65:52 13 65.0 S25 eloz 76.0 38.0 
Sone 304 152 76.0] 152 76.0 38.0] 176 88.0 44.0 
40 |342 171 S551 171 85.55 42.7) 198 99.0 49.5 
eA aaa PARTE IGE Taos nc eee 192 96.0 48.0} 222 111 55.0 
S08 Re ata Ne eal iS shane 2S 106 53.2] 246 £23 61.5 
POs | orate Wee eT Seas cae 313 156 78.0] 362 181 90.5 
POOR ee eee alate tcc oles 413 206 103 478 239 119 
150 616 308 154 Wale) 356 178 


Based on average efficiencies and power factors for horse- 
powers listed. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 43 





Direct Current Motor Troubles 


For Tests referred to see pages following 











Fault | Method of Detection Procedure to Remedy 


Motor Failing to Start 


Overload. anaes Arameter treading. -..5.... Reduce load and try again. 


Huse burnt out.-.| Inspect fuses........-.... Put in new fuse. 
ROWerOll aan oe No spark on first point.... | See if circuit breakers in 


power house are “‘in.’’ 


Controller fingers} Ascertain if fingers have | Increase spring tension. 


fail to make sufficient tension to make 
CONtACCA ee ae good contact on control- 
; erectus Ghee ier ans 
Excessivefriction] Try to turn motor when| Renew bearings or scrape 
in bearing.... not loaded, and with cur- old ones to fit. 
F(A (Sap, Mnater eo Olt O CrCoNG 


Open lead in cir-| Go over circuit carefully Close the open circuit. 
Uibiea se beats “with ting- out. set or 
| ground-testelyas sacs oa. 


Stalling of Motor 





Overload esewe, Voltmeter and ammeter... | Reduce load and try again. 


WOW: VOltavels are sun cl cn Tartesiee cture stake its cos Check generator voltage; if 
low, cut out resistance in 
generator field rheostat. 





Heating of Motor 





| 


Motor draws ex-; Voltmeter and ammeter.| Look for obstacles in ma- 
cessive current| Circuit breakers open..... chinery. Reduce load. 





check brush position by 
rocking brush back and 
forth until highest volt- 
age without sparking is 
obtained. 


Low voltage.... 5 pak PE, Reig ee ea DERE APPA Raise generator voltage and 


Conduction of| Try to locate hottest part. | Refer to troubles of partic- 
heat from a ular part listed below. © 


hotter part... 


AA GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Direct Current Motor Troubles—cContinued | 


For Tests referred to see pages following 








Fault | Method of Detection | Procedure to Remedy 


Heating of Field Coils 





High OR dal iris motor speed. Place | Check engine or generator 
voltmeter across line at speed. If normal, weaken 
MOtoraiseme ee He eae ies field of generator by man- 
ipulating field rheostat. 
Short circuited] High motor speed........ Apply test ‘“‘E.” 


field winding. . 


Moisture in field! High speed, sparking..... | Apply tests ‘‘A’’ and ‘“‘E.’’ 
Dry coils by applying 
half of normal voltage 
until thoroughly heated. 





Heating of Armature 


Conduction of} Locate hottest spot by | Refer to troubles of par- 


heat from hot- hand or with thermom- ticular part listed below. 
Ler Darts ...c. GLOL A Sktspetictaw mx ease 
Motor draws ex-| Odor of burned varnish and | If ground is found, re-in- 
cessive current smoke. Apply ground sulate that portion. If 
test ‘‘A’’. Apply short short circuit is found, re- 
CINCUDECCES tame iat ea fem insulate defective coil. 


Same troubles as| Refer to ‘“‘Heating of Mo-! Refer to ‘‘Heating of Mo- 


’ 


given under LOT Gey ae eevee tee eee tor.’ 
“Heating of 
IMOtOt ae ee 
MiGs tte in| Apply tests maeAe and ty ae cl mame rr eie a ete yaa ree eae re 
anmMmavurenwae- c 


Short -circuits Ore Apply testes A+ and su Dues clase ote ie cane nents an cane eee 
grow md an 
almatwunes nen. 


Burning Insulation 


Motor draws ex-| Inspect motor leads and | Reduce load. Inspect for 
cessivecurrent, heldtleadssemew aero shorts and grounds. 
due to short- 
circuited wires. 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK _45 








Direct Current Motor Troubles—Continued 


For Tests referred to see pages following 








Fault | Method of Detection | Procedure to Remedy 


Heating of Wires 


Reeverseds tield|seamemete fear sien eure | Apply test ‘‘H.” 
Collec oe 


Heating of Commutator 





Sparking)... Blackened or burned bars.. Refer to ““Excessive Spark- 
ine. | 
Overload=.. 2. =. Use ammeter....... Saesheutee Reduce load. 
Conduction of] Look for hot armature| Refer to remedy for the 
Hed tamer he Deatinc eben aeioe particular trouble. 
Too heavy brush} Hot brush springs and]! Adjust tension; should be 
CENSIOM wee.) brishtholdersee.) cee. from 4 to 7 lb. per square 
inch. 


Excessive Sparking at Brushes 


Roughcommuta-| Touch commutator, while} To smooth, use fine sand 
Cortes Pees Ts running, lightly with fin- paper; NO EMERY. 
ger tips or hold pencil on 
toprolma Drusilla eee eter 


Eccentric com-| Brushes will rise and fall] If due to worn bearings, re- 
MU CAtOnr eee Fesilarlv2 weer ae place them. Turn com- 
mutator. 


High or flat bars| Jumping or vibrating] Sand or turn down commu- 


in commutator DEUSHEeS sere ere ee eee tator. 
Else hem ica meres | ea eee i ay bate cee is Slot mica to depth of 14%’ 
“*V"’ shape. 
Poor brush con-| Sight between brushes and] Sand paper brushes (see 
tact on com- commutator. Surface of below). : 
MmUtacoreaneee brush shows there is not 


Pullecontacte aera ere 


Brushes improp-| Try different brush setting] If brushes are of fixed type, 
erly.set2 Sous. APE POSSI DIAM. Acie snen they are no doubt set 
properly; if movable, 

shift slightly backward or 


forward. 
Carbon oterdittimeelashing ss reca. -c ah ae ee fe, Sand commutator and un- 
accumulation der cut mica. Clean 


on commuta- commutator with dry 
tone te: waste or cloth. 


A6 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Direct Current Motor Troubles—Continued 


For Tests referred to see pages following 














Fault 


| Method of Detection | Procedure to Remedy 


Excessive Sparking at Brushes—Continued 





Weak field mag-| 


netism due 
to: 


Open circuit in 
field coils. 


Short circuit in 
field coil.... 


Double ground 
field winding 


Poor grade 
brash. 324.2 


Loose brush- 
holder .-..:: 


Open circuit in 
Attn a tlt eS 
or commuta- 


Loose brush- 
holders, 3) cco. 


Error in interpole 
connections... 


Interpole air gap 
too great or too 
small 


Motor runs fast and heats. 


Motor runs fast and heats. 
Motor runs fast and heats. 


Inspect brushes for non- 
uniformity, hard and soft 
spots, picking up copper. 


Vibration of holder....... 


Sparks a greenish color. 
Edges of certain bars are 
burned 


& jolie (a! (ei «He, versie 6: bi cane © ie) 


Sparking at one brush.... 


Remove armature. Pass 
small amount of current 
through field and check 
polarity of each coil with 
a compass. Polarity 
should be NnSsN, etc., 
when taken in direction 
of armature rotation.... 


Compare allinterpole gaps. 





Sparking of Interpole 


{ 


Apply test ‘“‘D.” 


Apply test “E.’”’ 
Apply test ‘‘A.”’ 


Try new, better 


grade 
brush. 


Make certain brush-holder 
is securely bolted to shell. 


Apply test ‘‘C.”” An open 
in commutator may be 
bridged temporarily. 


Motors 


Tighten holder and see that 
brushes are evenly spaced 
around commutator. 


Change field connections to 
conform to rotation. 


Adjust interpoles, which are 
bolted to shell. 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


47 





Direct Current Motor Troubles—Continued 


For Tests referred to see pages following 








Fault Method of Detection 


Procedure to Remedy 





Heating of Bearings 





Lack of oil, or bad Excess current. Hot bear- 


Ol, ee. 


Dirt in bearings.| See if oil feels gritty...... 


Remove armature and in- 
Specteshattwe acy convene 


Scarred shaft... 





Run wire down oil pipes 
and replenish oil supply. 
Do not run motor at full 
speed for awhile. 


Wash bearings with gaso- 
line, then oil again. 


Turn down shaft in lathe. 
Scrape and adjust bear- 











ings: 

Bentishattjrc an. Armature turns with diff- | Remove shaft from arma- 
culty. Bearings worn ture before attempting to 
unequally. Broken Gear straighten. 

LEGER Select see tore eee 
Motor Runs Slow 
Overloadsn aie Sparking and heating..... Reduce load on machine. 


Use voltmeter across motor 
CELMINGIS Ga ees ee tee 


Terminal voltage 
toovlow ss... - 


Hot bearings. 2. ese 


Short circuits or| Apply tests ‘‘A & B’’..... 
frounds, 1 


arMmatires..- 





Manipulate generator field 
trheostat to give proper 
voltage. Check loss of 
voltage in line circuit. 


See ‘‘Hot bearing’’ remedy. 


ee, 6 fo, 4 0) 9n0 06 6 @ © ees @ oe 6's. © 8 9 e 





Motor Speed Too High 





Use voltmeter across motor 
termiuinalsersecitre sects 


Terminal voltage 
above normal. 


Test fields by tests ‘‘A,’’ 
CLS ST and cal yd 


Shunt motor 
fields too weak 


$e he aly Oy 0 ole "6:8 


Light load on| Lowcurrent draw........ 
series motor 
causes high 


Speed fais a 





See methods above for 
checking generator volt- 
age. 


Install new coils or repair 
old ones. 


Care should be taken not 
to operate a series motor 
without some load on 
machine. 


A8 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Direct Current Motor Troubles—Continued 


For Tests referred to see pages following 





Fault 


Unbalanced arm- 
atures). ce 


Armature § strik- 
ing pole faces. 


Squeaking noise 
Tivaecd ee Dey 
bEushesemeeee 





Method of Detection | Procedure to Remedy 


Noise 


Fluttering and vibrating of 
TOTORSE caw Soi ie Meee: 


noise at low 


A scraping 
speed 


Press finger against one 
brush atvartime scr ae 


pole] Feel bolt heads which hold 


Polesiim: placement. 


See test ‘‘F’’ for balancing 
armature. 


Re-center armature. 


A small amount of vaseline 
will quiet bruShes. 


Tighten pole-piece bolts. 


Alternating Current Motor Troubles 
Induction Metors 
For Tests referred to see pages following 


Fuse blown..... 


Failure to Start 


Inspect fuses in all phases. 


Over] Gad 48-4 4s ene ear tee ne eres 


Low voltage.... 


Open circuit in 
or in 


LTS ETS eee 


Overload; motor 
draws exces- 
sive current... 


Low voltage.... 
(Torque varies 
as square of 
the voltage)... 


Worn bearing... 


Use voltmeter or test lamp. 


Apply testi G eee eee 


Feel fingers to see if good 
contact [stinaden eee 


Sudden Stop 


Motor pulls out under load 
andi StopSAmewae eine 


Motor heats up and fails to 
Star Gar Fe et cetes 


See if rotor touches stator. 


Replace defective fuses. 

Reduce load and try again. 

See if all line connections 
are tight. 


Check wiring diagram. 
Close open circuit. 


Adjust tension of finger 
springs. 


Replace fuses by smaller 
size or readjust breaker, 
as motor may burn out, 


Increase voltage. 


Replace bearings. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK AQ 





Alternating Current Motor Troubles—con. 


For Tests referred to see pages following 











Fault Method of Detection | Procedure to Remedy 


Sudden Stop—Continued 


Burnt) out. coils|sApply test: -Giiwe...cecn Replace coils. 
or grounds.... 


Fuses blown....} Inspect fuses in all eee Put in new fuses. 
one phase is not enough. 


Heating of Stator 





Ovetloadtenr.. Stator feels hot or smokes.| Reduce load. 
Low voltage....| Use voltmeter or test lamp.! Increase voltage. 
Fuse in one or} Growling under load...... Put in new fuses. 
more phases 
IDlOw llores 


Hot stator coils} Test coils for heatincertain| Adjust or renew bearings. 
due to worn sections. 
bearings or de- 
creased air gap 
on one end 


Short circuit....] Short-circuited coils are} Put in new coils. 
found to be hot after 
light running of motor.. 


Reversed coil. ..| Apply test ‘‘H’’.......... Correct winding. 

WIKONE Me TWIN DEL Ih seta cts eo mteierets: ores Sisters ciel es eos Recount and regroup stator 
of coilsin group coils. 

Motor connected] Higher voltage than motor} Apply correct voltage for 
for wrong volt- is designed for, causes motor winding or recon- 
AZO ie ee wees distinct magnetic hum nect for available voltage 

and excessive no load| if half or double motor 
CUITeH te ate sea eee { voltage. 


Heating of Rotor 


Defective squir-| Broken or disconnected| Repair old or install new 
rel-cage of rotor barsitsai «6 os nan rotor. 
LOCOL A sce ae 


Grounded Motor 


Coils grounded; When full voltage is ap-; Apply enough voltage to 
oncore..... a6 plied, one or more show defective coil by 
grounds may be detected its heating or smoking. 
by shock when hand is 
placed on motor frame. 
mRemove terminal instila-i 1s se 2 ee eer 
tion of coils, disconnect coils and apply test lamp 
between each terminal and the motor shell. 


50 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Tests for Motor Troubles 


As Referred to on Preceding Pages 


TEST A—Grounds may be detected by use of a test lamp 
(two wires connected to the line with an incandescent lamp in 
series). ‘Touch one lead of the test lamp to the shaft and the 
other to various parts of the machine supposed to be insulated. 
Lighting of the lamp indicates a ground. 

TEST B—Short-circuit test method as used by Maurice S. 
Clement (Electrical Record, December, 1918). This testing 
device can be used either with alternating or direct current. 
If alternating current is used, a test lamp and a pair of leads 
from the line are connected to the commutator as here shown, 


2 PHONE. 
RECEIVER 





from one-fourth to one-half of the circumference apart. Next, 
take the receiver which has about two feet of two wire telephone 
cord attached and hold it to the ear. With the other hand 
press the receiver leads firmly to the commutator, .taking care | 
to touch adjacent segments. Move from one lead of the test 
lamp to the other, segment by segment, and repeat the operation 
until the commutator has been circled. 


If the lamp is of too low resistance to make a buzz in the 
receiver, put a rosette fuse in place of the test lamp and a 
rheostat in series with the fuse. A low buzz indicates a good flow 
of current; if no sound whatever is heard there is a dead short 
circuit. 


An open circuit is indicated by a very loud buzz. A cross 
connection will produce a defective sound on three segments. 
These three leads should be taken off and reconnected imme- 
diately and the receiver test once more applied. 


If a dead ground persists in remaining invisible, place one side 
of the receiver cord to the shaft and the other side of the test 
line to the commutator, then with receiver, buzz each segment. 
The grounded coil will buzz louder than the rest. Leads must 
be disconnected from the commutator for this test. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK a 





Tests for Motor Troubles—cContinued 


When direct current is to be used, the source of energy may 
be a battery buzzer; the buzzer connected in series with one side 
of the battery. 

TEST C—Opens can be easily located by ringing out coils 
with a magneto and bell set; coils must be disconnected from 
the commutator. A test lamp may also be used in the same 
manner. An open is indicated by the lamp dimming or going 
out entirely. 

EST D—tTest for open circuit or short in shunt field can be 
made by removing the armature and impressing normal voltage 
on the shunt field coils. When a compass is passed near the pole 
faces, the rotation should be N-S-N-S. No deflection indicates 
a short-circuit. No current indicates an open circuit. The 
open coil can be located by ringing out each coil separately. 

TEST E—To detect severe short-circuit in the field, remove 
the armature and apply normal voltage to the field. Measure 
the drop across each field by means of a voltmeter. A field 
showing low reading indicates short-circuit. 

TEST F—To balance an armature, support it at the shaft 
ends by two leveled knife edges. Slowly revolve the armature 
and note the heavy portion. By drilling a few holes in the 
spider or core on the heavy side and also in the light side, and 
tapping small lead plugs into the holes of the light side, it will 
be possible to balance the armature. This is a cut-and-try 
method. 

TEST G—Open circuits in alternating-current motors may 
be found by use of a test lamp. It is possible to start at one 
end of the winding and by a process of elimination detect the 
open coil. 

TEST H—To locate a reversed coil in alternating-current 
motor windings, apply a comparatively low direct-current volt- 
age to limit the current and pass a compass over the windings 
slowly, following the inner periphery of the bore. If a single 
coil is reversed the compass will change direction while passing 
a pole. The poles will alternate and be found to be uniformly 
spaced for balanced windings. An open coil will be indicated by 
irregularity in the compass needle movement. Mark the 
poles with chalk as they are checked and thus it will be possible to 
detect a complete pole reversed. 

To locate a reversed field coil of a direct-current motor, remove 
the armature and apply a comparatively low voltage to the 
field. Pass a compass over the field and note if polarities of 
fields alternate in rotation. For a compound-wound motor, 
the series field should be tested with the shunt field disconnected, 
and then the shunt field should be tested with the series field 
disconnected. The polarity of both shunt and series field coils 
should be the same for each pole. 


De 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Resistance of 
Copper and Aluminum Wire 


at 68° Fahrenheit 
Conductivity: Copper 98.2%; Aluminum 61%. 











Copper Aluminum 
Area Volts Lost Volts Lost 
Circular per Ampere Feet per Ampere 
Mills) |" per per er 
Per Ohm 1000 Per 
Ne Mile | _Feet_ Mile 
211600 0.049} 0.259! 20400 0.080} 0.423 
167800 064 .322! 16180 .101 200 
133100 .077 .407} 12830 .128 .676 
105500 .098 .519! 10180 .161 .850 
83690 123 .650} 8070 .203 1.071 
66370 .156 .824| 6400 .256 1.351 
52640 .197 1.04 5075 Pe 1.705 
41740 .248 1.31 4025 408) 2.154 
33100 hie 1.65 3192 Sidi 2713 
26250 .395| 2.08 Pow | .648] 3.421 
20820 498) 2.62 2007 woLihe +4313 
16510 .628| 3.32 1592 1.03 5.438 
13090 .792| 4.18 1262 1.30 6.864 
10380 .998| 5.28 1001 1.64 8.659 
8234 1.26 6.65 794 207 10.93 
6530 1.58 8.34 629,65) 52-01 13.78 
5178 | 2.00 | 10.58 499.3 | 3.29 | 17.38 
4107 phe) 13:59 396.0 | 4.14 | 21.86 
3257 3.18 16.82 31470 3 Oo 22 24250 
2583 4.01 21:21 249.0 | 6.59 | 34.80 
2048 S000 20214 197:5°| -8.340 | 843 87 
1624 | 6.38 | 33.73 156.6 |10.5 54.44 
1288 8.05 | 42.50 124°2 13.2 69.69 
1022 {10.15 53.64 98.5 |16.7 88.17 
810.1/12.80 | 67.62 78.11/21.0 110.8 
642.4/16.14 | 85.27 61.95/26.5 140.0 
509.5|20.36 | 107.3 49.13/33.4 176.3 
404.0|25.67 | 135.6 38.96/42.1 Zack 
320:4132.37, [171.0 30.90/53.1. | 280.3 
254.1'40.81 7% 215.5 24.50'6120 = FoSck 


Feet 
Ohm 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


53 





Properties of 





Bare Stranded Copper and Aluminum 
at 68° Fahrenheit. 
Conductivity: Copper 98.2%; Aluminum 61%. 


B.&S. lar 
Gauge Mils 


1000000 
900000 
800000 
700000 


600000 
500000 
400000 
300000 


250000 
211600 
167800 
00 | 133100 


105500 
83690 
66370 
52640 


41740 
33100 
26250 





Copper 
i Volt 
Me Pounds | Lost per 
Ampere 
Per Per per 
1000 Mile 1000 
Feet Feet 
3090 | 16315 | 0.0105 
2780 | 14678 | .0118 
2470 | 13041 .0132 
2160 | 11404 } .0151 
1850 | 9768 | .0176 
1540 8131 OZ 12 
1240 6547 .0265 
926 4889 | .0353 
772 | 4761 | .0423. 
653 3463 .0499 
518 2135 .0630 
411 2170-12 0795 
326 1721 .0908 
258 1362 .126 
205 1082 .159 
163 860 | .201 
129 681 254 
102 538 .320 
81 427 402 





Aluminum 
Weight of Bare | _ Volts 
Cable, Pounds Lost per 
mpere 
Per Per per 
1000 Mile 1000 
Feet Feet 
937 4947 | 0.0174 
845 4461 .0193 
750 3960 O27 
656 3463 0248 
562 2967 0289 
468 2471 .0347 
Siils 1980 .0434 
281 1483 .0578 
234 4235 0095 
198 1045 .0818 
157 828 .103 
125 660 | .130 
99.0 522 feos 
78.5 414 | .207 
62.2 328 .262 
49.3 260013350 
39.2 207 415 
31.0 163 25 
24.6 130 660 


54 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Volts Lost with 


Various Copper Wire Combinations 


One No. 
One No. 
One No. 
One No. 


One No. 
One No. 
One No. 
One No. 


One No. 
One No. 
One No.- 
One No. 
One No. 
One No. 


One No. 
One No. 


One No. 
One No. 


One No. 
One No. 





Size of Wires 


0000 and One No 


0000 and One No. 
0000 and One No. 
0000 and One No. 


0000 and Two No 





0000 and Two No. 
0000 and Two No. 
0000 and Two No. 


000 and One No. 
000 and One No. 
000 and One No. 
000 and Two No. 
000 and Two No. 
000 and Two No. 


00 and One No. 
00 and One No. 


00 and Two No. 
00 and Two No. 


0 and One No. 
0 and Two No. 





. 000... 
00... 


Area, 
Circular 
ils 


379400 
344700 
317100 
295290 


547200 
477800 
422600 
378980 


300900 
273300 
251490 
434000 
378800 
335180 


238600 
216790 


344100 
300480 


189190 
272880 


Weight of | Volts Lost 
Combina- per - 


tion, Ampere 
Pounds per] per 1000 
1000 Feet Feet 
1149 0.027 
1044 .030 
960 .033 
894 .035 
1657 .019 
1447 .022 
1280 .025 
1148 .027 
911 .035 
828 .038 
762 .041 
1314 .024 
1147 .027 
1015 .031 
235 .043 
656 .048 
1042 .030 
910 .035 
573 .055 
827 .038 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 55 








Allowable Current-Carrying Capacity of 
Copper Wires 


For Inside Wiring of Buildings 








Amperes 
Wire No., Area, Diameter 
B. & S. Circular of Solid 
Gauge Mils, Wire, Rubber Other 
Bare Inches Covered Insulation 
2000000 a bs 1050 1670 
1800000 ae bist oe 970 1550 
1600000 aad 890 1430 
1400000 ee 810 1290 
1200000 ae 730 1150 
1000000 Rete 650 1000 
~ 800000 eee e 550 840 
600000 ee 450 680 
400000 eee 325 500 
“ie Eh 200000 al 200 300 
0000 211600 .4600 225 325 
000 167800 .4096 : 175 215 
00 133100 3648 150 225 
0 105500 . 3249 125 200 
1 83690 . 2893 100 150 
2 66370 .2576 90 125 
3 52640 .2294 80 100 
4° 41740 . 2043 70 90 
> 33100 .1819 5a 80 
6 26250 . 1620 50 70 
8 16510 21285 35 50 
10 10380 .1019 25 30 
12 6530 .0808 20 25 


14 4107 .0641 15 20 


56 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Fusing Currents for Wires 
Of Various Materials 


Amperes of current required to fuse wires of lengths sufficient 
to render negligible the cooling action of the terminals. 














Material 














Wire No., Wire = fsts a: ae | an a ie tee 
10 10189 (333 |169 101 (44.8 [53.3 [43.0 
11 .09074 |284 |146 86.0 |38.2 |45.4 |36.6 
12 .08080 (235 {120 11327 1316683716» BOS 
Line .07196 {200 {102 63:0) |26:9:3132,0 12538 
14 .06408 |166 5222 DON 22ed) Ne Op eee 
15 .05707 = |139 TAQ ADA STR 
16 05082 S157 O0:05 355 SaaS Se ioe 
Le .04526 99.0.) 50;47)-32:6 SASS 2s 
18 . 04030 62.59 tAZ 5 2 ORE bh ot ee Le 
19 .03589 66.7 | 34.2 | 20.2 | 8.96 |10.6 8.60 
20 .03196 58.3 | 29590 17.7 \aio4 9:3 Te s-50 
14S .02846 49.3 | 25.3 | 14.9 | 6.63 | 7.89 | 6.35 
jm .02535 AL2 | 21017)" 12.52). 5:53 5) .6:00 582 
23 .02257 34.5 | 17.7 | 10.9 | 4.44 | 5.52 |'4.45 
24 .02010 28.9 | 14.8 8.76} 3.89 | 4.62 | 3.72 
Ja .01790 24.6 | 12.6 7 AGUS .31 | 393563217 
26 .01594 20.6 | 10.6 6.22) 2547 31300152706 
27 .01419 173d O10) S36 2.381. 2.6aa cree 
28 .01264 14.7 7.50) 4.45] 1.98 | 2.35 |-1.90 
29 .01126 125 6.41} 3.79} 1.68 | 2.00 | 1.61 
30 .01002 10.3 5,20) 0.11) 4.38) ) 9045 ees 
35 00561 4: 37e 2. 241> 133i. SOG OLS 


40 .00314 1.80) 9519 0125 lee 20 See 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Weight of 


57 





Bare Copper Wire 


Diam- 
eter; 
Inches 


0.4600 
.4096 
.3648 
3249 


2893 
2576 
2294 
.2043 


.1819 
.1620 
1443 
1285 


1144 
.1019 
.0907 
.0808 


.0720 
.0641 
Avie 
.0508 


0453 
.0403 


| 

| 

| 

| 

| 
0359 
.0320 
0285 
0253 


.0226 
0201 


.0179 
.0159 


Area, 
Circular 
Mils 


211600 
167800 
133100 
105500 


83690 
66370 
52640 
41740 


33100 
26250 
20820 
16510 


13090 
10380 
8234 
6530 


5178 
4107 
S251 
2583 


2048 
1624 
1288 
1022 


810.1 
642.4 
509.5 
404.0 


320.4 
254.1 


Weight of Bare 
Wire, Pounds 


Per 
1000 Feet 


641 
508 
403 
319 


ZI3 
201 
159 
126 


100 

79.5 
63.0 
50.0 


39.6 
31.4 
24.9 
19.8 


15. 

12.4 
9.86 
7.82 


6.20 
4.92 
3.90 
3.09 


2.45 
1.94 
1.59 
1.22 


.970 
169 


Per 
Mile 


3380 
2680 
2130 
1680 


1340 
1060 
840 
665 


528 
420 
333 
264 


209 
166 
132 
105 


82.9 
65.5 
wera | 
41.3 


a2 
26.0 
20.6 
16.3 


E200 

10.24 
8.13 
6.44 


9:12 
4.06 





58 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


| Breaking Strength of 


Copper and Aluminum Wire and Cable 


Ultimate strength of Annealed Copper taken at 34,000 pounds per 
square inch. 

Ultimate strength of Hard Drawn Copper taken at 60,000 pounds per 
square inch, except: 50,000 pounds for Nos. 0000, 000 and 00; 55,000 pounds 
for No. 0; 57 ,000 pounds for No. 

Ultimate strength of Aluminum taken at 26,000 pounds per square inch. 

Table gives actual breaking strains, to which a suitable safety factor 
must be applied to secure proper working strengths. 














Wire Breaking Strain, Pode 
No: Area, ; : 
B.& S, eed Copper, Solid Aluminum 
Gauge Annealed cheat A Solid Stranded 
PG) Meee Ae ne fo ee ee Regt | SUE Nee 
1000000 32280 
900000 29050 
800000 25820 
700000 22590 
600000 19370 
500000 16140 
400000 12910 
300000 9680 
250000 8070 
0000 211600 6830 
000 167805 5420 
00 133079 4290 
0 105592 3410 
if 83695 2700 
2 66373 2143 
3 52634 1700 
4 41743 1350 
5 33102 1070 
6 26251 850 
vj 20SL7 = ai © S509 bo O80 th 2 ey a6 ieee eee 
8 16510 ht AAO EIB ol G7 ee 
9 13094810.) ESS0 ee) Obi ae 267 oe ee ee 
10 10382. )-a hw A Si Seat 480s to to ee eer ere 
11 82344) eh 220 a S884) er 1G feel eee eee 
12 69307 ba Se SOs ol 53 ee ee 
13 5178 


"ees ee eee 


14 4107 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 59 





Standard Weatherproof Insulated 
Copper Wire and Cable 
Double Braid 





Solid Stranded 

Wire Area, 

No., Circular | Diameter, Inches | Weight, | Diam., Inches |Weight, 
Be Cao: Mils, 3 Lbs. bs. 
Gauge Bare per per 

Bare Over- 1000 Bare | Over- | 1000 

all Feet all Feet 

1000000} .... ue .... |{1.1520/1.406 | 3456 
900000] .... a ae Fe (OOS PS h2s 3127 

800000] .... yh 2) te wht 030514250) 172799 

700000 ta 34... ae wae, .9639]1.187 | 2471 

600000} .... a ee me he .8928/1.109 | 2093 

500000; .... A Pere .8134|1.000 | 1765 

400000] .... ee aaa .7280} .906 | 1436 

300000; .... SA ae? peas .6285] .796 | 1083 


0000 ‘| 211600] .4600 | .609 723 5275} .687 | 745 
000 | 167800} .4096 | .562 587 4644] .671 | 604 
00 | 133100] .3648 | .500 467 4134) .625 | 482 

O | 105500] .3249 | .468 377 3684] .578 | 388 


1 83690}; .2893 | .422 294 532 /9053.1-+1 2303 
2 66370| .2576 | .390 Z9 .2919| .468 | 246 
3 52640] .2294 | .359 185 .2601} .421.} 190 
4 41740 | .2043 | .328 151 225 16)% .390) ||) 155 
6 


26250 }> .1620) | 2296 100 1836) :359  |> 103 


60 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Standard Weatherproof Insulated 
Copper Wire and Cable 
Triple Braid 























Solid Stranded 
Wire Area, ae Se eee ee 
No., Circular 

B. & S. Mils, Diameter, Inches | Weight, | Diam., Inches |Weight, 

Gauge Bare Lbs. Lbs. 

per per 

Bare Over- 1000 Bare | Over- 1000 

all Feet all Feet 

1000000; .... a Bae eee tei 520 ool olore 

900000; .... gage ee LOG So Leeds Binooo! 

SOOOOU Tae ae. ee, oe ot OS05h123 15a 2092 

700000) ee. oe Tears .9639}1.312 | 2650 

600000] .... ee Pte, .8928)1.234 | 2235 

500000}. =... Sy eee dae .8134/1.109 | 1894 

400000; .... mat oa eas ee .7280/1.031 | 1553 

3000007" 22s. Ao ae Boe es .6285| .921 | 1174 


0000 | 211600 |0.4600 .640 LOL eo 21 era le tao 
000 | 167800} .4096 993 629 | .4644| .734 | 653 
00 | 133100] .3648 SU) 502 | .4134) .687 | 522 

0 | 105500} .3249 .500 407 | .3684} .640 | 424 


1 83690 | .2893 453 316717232 791/7593 F528 
2 66370} .2576 437 260 ©) 222919 e531 ee 0 
3 52640} .2294 406 199 | .2601} .468 | 206 
4 41740] .2043 .359 164 | .2316} .437 | 170 
6 


26250] .1620 328 112 | .1836)°:406 | 115 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 61 


Rubber Insulated Copper Wire 
and Cable 


National Electric Code Standard. 0 to 600 Volts 
Single Braid 














Solid | Stranded 
Wire No., Area, 

B./ & 8. Circular Diameter, | Weight, | Diameter,| Weight, 
Gauge Mils, Inches |Pounds per| Inches’ |Pounds per 
Bare Overall 1000 Feet Overall 1000 Feet 

1000000 Mss? aes 1.455 3553 

800000 tee One ok Teo 30 2891 

TOOOU0 Sr hae, ae ae 1.266 2557 

600000 SPE Bootes, | 1.194 2220 

500000 etd, he a 1.087 1842 

400000 Seeds See 1.001 1514 

asst 300000 ears: Ree .902 1173 

0000 211600 . 700 793 .7167 833 

000 167800 .650 646 . 709 675 

00 133100 .605 528 .659 556 

0 105500 .565 439 .613 457 

1 83690 SO5U 363 e511 377 


2 66370 447 276 . 504 293 
3 52640 .418 228 451 238 
+ 41740 .393 190 .422 198 
5 33100 font 154 . 396 166 
6 


26250 133 130 .360 136 


———$—$$—————— 


62 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Diameter and Weight of 
Rubber Insulated Copper Wire 




















and Cable 
National Electric Code Standard. 0 to 600 Volts. 
Double Braid 
Solid ; Stranded 
Wire No., Area, rua aye ate ite 
B. & S. Circular 
Gauge Mils, Diameter,| Weight, | Diameter,| Weight, 
Bare Inches |Pounds per} Inches |Pounds per 
Overall 1000 Feet Overall 1000 Feet 
1000000 “at Ree 1.539 3637 
800000 tee ee teAd7 2968 
700000 ee be a 1.350 2631 
600000 cae ae 1.278 2290 
500000 Aes hee 1-171 1906 
400000 saat ros 1.085 1573 
Bt Ih Med ESO et iy ? aie, .986 1226 
0000 211600 | . 784 835 851 879 
| 

000 167800 7134 685 "193 719 
00 133100 689 564 . 743 595 
0 105500 649 474 .697 494 
1 83690 .614 395 #655 9}, 412 
2 | 66370 511 297 588 324 
3 52640 482 247 3515 260 
4 41740 457 208 486 218 
5 33100 407 167 .460 184 
6 | 26250 | .337 142 | 410 149 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 63 





Comparison of Wire Gauges 


Diameters in Mils for Various Gauge Systems 


American| Steel Birm- British | Stubs U.S. 
Gauge Wire Wire ingham | Stand- Steel | French| Stand- 
No Gauge, | Gauge, Wire ard Wire | Gauge| ard 
B. & S. | Wash- Gauge, Wire Gauge Sheet 
Commer-| burn & | Stubs’ | Gauge Gauge 
cial Moen 

0000 | 460 393.8 454 ROO tei ae ene ANG 
000 | 410 362.5 425 SAL Eel a Oe se eae ad 7D 
00 | 365 BAG e380 | GAR lee Dinu a 23437 
Gulas25 306.5 340 SAD RSPR got r ee SED. 5 


289 283.0 | 300 300 ae Ek 33 | 281.2 
258 PD Voms. 284 276 219 40 | 265.6 
229 243.7 259 -252 212 50 | 250.0 
204 220-9 238 232 207 63 | 234.4 


207.0 220 212 204 68 | 218.7 
162 192.0 203 192 201 83. | 203.5 
144 177.0 180 176 199 OF) 187.8 
128 162.0 165 160 197. 4211059 171.9 


CONAW PWHe 
= 
Co 
bo 


9 | 114 148.3 148 144 1982 1209) 196.2 
10 | 102 135.0 134 128 191 | 135 | 140.6 
11 91 120.5 120 116 188 | 149 | 125.0 
12 81 105.5 109 104 185 | 162 | 109.4 
13 72 91.5 95 92 1820) 2422 93.7 
14 64 80.0 83 80 180 | 185 78.1 
15 SP 720 72 72 173°) 197 70.3 
16 51 62.5 65 64 fied ya 91 O2ES 
17 45 54.0 58 56 Ufz2ti an 56.2 
18 40 47.5 49 48 168 | 238 50.0 
19 36 41.0 42 40 164 | 250} 43.7 
20 32 34.8 32 36 161-1 263 Sts 
21 28.5 31.7 S2 32 15.7 .43)279 34.4 
Le 25.3 28.6 28 28 159°, 2290 sine 
23 22.6 25.8 js, 24 is BE 1 Zouk 
24 20.1 23.0 22 22 1510310 25.0 
Ie 17.9 20.4 20 20 148 | 331 21.9 
26 15.9 18.1 18 18 146 | 342 18.7 


om 14.2 17.3 16 16.41 143 | 356 ee 


64 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Mine Haulage 


On level track the pulling force required to haul a load is that 
necessary to overcome the resistance due to track and equipment: 
In mine haulage these resistances vary in total between 1 per- 

cent and 2 percent of the train weight, the amount pepen ie 
upon conditions of track, lubrication, etc. 


On up grades another factor must be considered; namely, grade 
resistance, which is equal to that component of the total train 
weight acting downward and along the track. This grade resist- 
ance varies with the grade and, for a given percentage of grade, 
is equal to that same percentage of the train weight. 


Tractive effort and drawbar pull are equal only on level track. 
Tractive effort measures the power of the locomotive as exerted 
by the wheels on the rails; drawbar pull is less than tractive 
effort by the amount of the locomotive resistance due to grade. 


The drawbar pull developed by a locomotive on level track 
under various conditions is: 


Chilled cast iron wheels: 


Dry rails with sand.............. 25% of weight on drivers 

Dry rails without sand.......... 20% of weight on drivers 

Wet-rails Pees once eae 5 to 15% of weight on drivers 
Steel tires or steel wheels: 

Dry rails;witt'sand#.... 4... --. 33% of weight on drivers 

Dry rails without sand.......... 25% of weight on drivers 

Wet railsincee:. 72, pee ee 5 to 15% of weight on drivers 


The resistances which affect the hauling power of a locomotive 
are: 


1. Train friction and track friction...... 20 to 40 Ib. per ton of 
train weight. 


2. Grade resistance 4... Ge.0. fee teele 20 lb. per ton of loco- 
motive and train 
weight for each 1% 
of grade. 


Friction and track resistances oppose the locomotive at all times 
and reduce its hauling capacity on the level and on grades. Grade 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 65 





Mine Haulage—Continued 


resistance opposes the locomotive in ascending grades and assists 
it in descending. Total resistances therefore are: On level and 
up grade, friction resistance plus grade resistance; down grade, 
friction resistance minus grade resistance. Hence if grade resist- 
ance be greater than friction resistance, the train will run down 
grade without power. That is, if friction resistance is 30 lbs. per 
ton, the train will stand at rest on a 1 per cent grade (20 lb. per 
ton grade resistance) and would run by gravity down a 2 per cent 
grade (40 Ib. per ton grade resistance). 


DRAWBAR PULL—To haul a given trainload on the level or 
up a grade. 
D=W(F +20g) 

wherein, 

D =drawbar pull, in pounds. 

W =weight of train, in tons. 

F =resistance of train due to friction, in pounds per ton of 

train weight. 
g =percent of grade. 


EXAMPLE—Train weight, 60 tons; resistance due to train fric- 
tion, 30 lb. per ton; grade 2%. Then 
D=60 [30+(20X2)] 
= 4200 lb. 


TRACTIVE EFFORT—To haul a given trainload, including 
the locomotive itself, on the level or up a grade. 
T=D-+20L¢g 

wherein, ' 

T =tractive effort, in pounds. 

D =drawbar pull, in pounds. 

L=weight of locomotive, in tons. 

g =per cent of grade. 


EXAMPLE—Drawbar pull, 4200 lb.; locomotive weight, 15 tons; 
grade, 2 percent. Then 
T =4200+15(20X2) 
=4800 lb. 


66 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Mine Haulage—Continued 


WEIGHT OF LOCOMOTIVE—To haul a given train load, on 
the level or up a grade. 


(20LX A) —(LX 20g) = W(F +.20g) 


L=_WiF +208) 
20(A—g) 
wherein, 
L=weight of locomotive, in tons. 
W =weight of train, in tons. 
F =resistance of train due to friction, in pounds per ton of 
train weight. 

g =percent of grade. 
A=coefficient of level track drawbar pull. 


EXAMPLE—Train weight, 60 tons; train resistance due to fric- 
tion, 30 lb. per ton; grade, 2 per cent; coefficient of level track 
drawbar pull, 25 percent. 


_ 60 [30+(20X 2)] 
20(25 —2) 
= 9.13 tons, or a 10-ton locomotive. 


HORSEPOWER—To develop a desired drawbar pull at a 


given speed: 
DXSX5280 


60 X 33000 
DxXs 


375 


H= 


wherein, 
H =horsepower. 
D =drawbar pull. 
S =speed in miles per hour. 


EXAMPLE—Drawbar pull, 4200 Ib.; speed,6 miles per hour. Then 
H =4200X6 


375 
= 672 horsepower. 


On Heavy Grades 


As the percentage of grade increases, the hauling capacity of a 
traction locomotive is seriously reduced, not only because of the 
increase of train resistance, but also because the effective drawbar 
pull of the locomotive is constantly reduced by the grade per- 
centage of the weight of the locomotive itself. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 67 








Mine Haulage—Continued 


Consider a locomotive with chilled wheels, whose level track 
drawbar pull is 20 percent of its weight, or 400 pounds per ton. 
On a grade this drawbar pull would be reduced by the grade 
resistance factor of the locomotive itself, or 20 pounds per ton of 
ocomotive weight for every 1 per cent of grade—a loss of 5 per 
cent of drawbar pull for every 1 per cent of grade. Ona 4 per 
cent grade the level-track drawbar pull of 400 pounds per ton of 
locomotive weight is reduced by 20 percent, or 80 pounds, 
leaving 320 pounds of effective pulling force for train hauling. 
On a 10 percent grade the effective drawbar pull is reduced 50 
percent, half of the motive power being consumed in lifting the 
locomotive itself up the grade. 


Hence the 10-ton locomotive which will haul 100 tons of train 
_ weight on level track, will haul only 45 tons upa 2 percent grade, 
27 tons up a 4 percent grade, 18 tons up a 6 percent grade, 12 
tons up an 8 percent grade and 8.4 tons up a 10 percent grade. 


This high rate of reduction of pulling force on grades is due 
largely to the lack of positive relation between the horsepower of 
the locomotive and the adhesion through which alone the motor 
power can be made effective in a traction locomotive. Where 
grades are encountered, therefore, a positive method of haulage is 
desirable, to make the motor horsepower fully available for pull- 
ing train load, avoiding the difficulties of traction haulage on 
grades and eliminating the excess dead weight which, in a traction 
locomotive, is necessary to give the required adhesion. 


The Goodman Rack Rail Haulage system is positive, affording 
the desirable freedom from dependence on adhesion for pulling 
power and enabling effective realization of full motor power at all 
times, under all conditions, on the level or on grades. Thissystem 
combines all the positiveness of the rope haul with the flexibility, 
safety, convenience and other advantages of locomotive opera- 
tion. Where roadways are generally level and grades only local, 
the Combination Rack Rail and Traction system meets exactly 
the needs of the situation. 


Operators whose mine haulage work involves grades should call 
upon the Goodman Manufacturing Co. for careful engineering 
advice as to the haulage system best suited to the conditions— 
traction, combined traction and rack rail, or plain rack rail. 
Supplying equipment of all types, the Goodman company can 
and will apply an unbiased and experienced judgment to the 
requirements of each individual case. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


68 








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73 


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78 


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GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


82 




















00092 | 000%Z | 000zZ | 0000Z | O008T | 0009T | OOOFT | O0OZT | 0000T | 0008 | 0009 | 000% | OT 
OOFEZ | OO9TZ | OOSGT | OOO8T | OOZ9T | OOFFT | OO9ZT | OO8OT | 0006 | O0ZL | OOFS | O09E | 06 
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OO9ST | OOFFTE | OOZET | OOOZT | OO8OT | 0096 | OOF8 | 00ZZ | 0009 | OO8F | O09E | OOFZ | O09 
OO0OET | OOOZE | OOOTT | OD0DT | 0006 | 0008 | 000 0009 | 000S | 000% | 000E | 0007} Os 
OOFOT | 0096 | 0088 | 0008 | 00cL | 00F9 | 0095 | 008h | O0OF | OOZE | OOFZ | OO9T OF 
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GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 83 





Percentage and Degrees of Grade 





















































8 Ratio of Rise (A) to travel along 
the grade (B). 

Ratio of rise (A) to horizontal 

projection (C) of travel along the 

es grade. i 

Angular Equivalent 
TORS Ratio of Ato B 7 Ratio of Ato C 

Cent Degrees Minutes Seconds Degrees Minutes Seconds 
1 0 34 DANS 0 34 228 
ji 1 8 45.5 1 8 45.5 
3 1 43 Sto i 43 O72 
4 2 17 Bact ps 1} 26.9 
yl 4 ‘Si 5570 2 Sf 45.5 
6 3 26 22.8 is 26 ZnO 
7 4 0 49.6 4 0 14.5 
8 4 33 18.6 4 34 26nU 
9 > 9 49.6 5 8 34.0 
10 5 44 2Owe 5 42 - 38.0 
12 6 3 SH ail 6 50 34.0 
14 8 2 Shae 7 58 1053 
16 9 t2 24.8 9 5 24.8 
18 10 22 1074 10 12 14.0 
20 Ie 32 1259 11 18 36.0 
22 12 42 Weed hiya 24 iad 
24 13 53 10.7 13 29 44.5 
26 le 4 HOAs! 14 34 oA oan | 
28 (eae jos) 36.4 15 38 31.9 
30 Wi 2 Lind 16 41 58.0 
35 20 29 15.0 19 by, MTS 
40 23 34 41.5 pa 48 poe 
45 26 44 36.9 24 13 39.4 
50 30 0 0.0 26 Se, 53.4 
55 3° 22 2.4 28 48 39:75 
60 | $6 52 1275 30 57 49.5 
65 40 a2 30.0 3S 1 Laan 
70 A4 Hs O72 34 59 31.4 
75 48 oa ZO oo 36 52 a Oe 
80 53 fi 49.4 38 39 3520) 
90 64 9 oH heats 41 59 Lomo 
100 90 0 0.0 45 0 0.0 

















84 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Locomotive Motor Arrangements 
Single-Motor Types 


AXLE GEAR 


1. LONGITUDINAL MOTOR—Bevel geared to both 
axles. Provides a unit drive for all four wheels, thereby assuring 
maximum possible pulling power per ton of weight. Natural 
symmetry of design and perfect balance. Adapted readily to 
narrow gauges. Flexibility of wheel base afforded by trunnion 
mounting of one axle. 


4 





Le 


hy 
Ave es EAL SE “ANU 








2. TRANSVERSE MOTOR—Flexibly spur geared to both 
axles through single reduction gears giving positive drive on 
all four wheels. Short wheel base adapts locomotive to curves 
of short radii. Spring mounting of one side give flexibility of 
wheel base. 


3-Motor Type 






ean 


THREE-MOTOR TANDEM HANGING—Each motor 
geared directly to its own axle. Weight of locomotive being 
distributed over six wheels instead of four, a fifty percent 
heavier locomotive can be used for a given weight of rail. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 85 





-Locomotive Motor Arrangements 
Two-Motor Types i 














MOTOR 






ARMATURE 
PINION 


G 


AXLE GEAR 






SCENTRAL HUNG MOTORS 
1. CENTRAL HUNG MOTORS—Long wheel base. Gives 
best track performance and is advisable for high speeds and 
long hauls where curves of short radii can be avoided. 


ARMATURE 
PINION 






+ 
ed) 
Axe GEAR Cs 


Bi TANOEM HUNG MOTORS 
2. TANDEM HUNG MOTORS—Medium wheel base. 
The most used arrangement, as adaptd to the general run of 
mine conditions, where curves of rather short radii prevail. 





OUTSIDE WWNS MOTORS : 

3. OUTSIDE HUNG MOTORS—Short wheel base. Ad- 
visable only when curves of very short radii must be accom- 
modated. 


ARMATURE 
Pinion 





QUTSIDE HUNG MOTORE WITH REACH GLAR 
4. OUTSIDE HUNG MOTORS, ‘WITH REACH GEARS 
—For narrow track gauges. By use of the reach gear the motor 
avoids cramping between the wheels and is given space for 
ample size. 


86 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Storage Battery Locomotives 


The storage battery locomotive for certain classes of work, is a 
very useful unit. The work it can do is limited by the capacity 
of the battery and the opportunities for charging. A careful 
study of the contemplated operation should be made, the prob- 
able ton miles of work estimated, taking into account grades and 
curves, and the time for the charging or boosting should be care- 
fully laid out. 


In some mines where the grades are small and the hauls short, 
the storage battery locomotive has been very successful. In 
others, where operating conditions are apparently the same it has 
been a failure. The failure is due to one of two things. First 
the conditions may be only “‘apparently’’ the same. The grades 
may be one or two percent steeper, the haul slightly longer and 
the total tonnage handled just a little greater. But the combi- 
nation of these seemingly little differences makes necessary a 
battery of much larger capacity and possibly with larger plates. 
The second reason for failure may be due to improper care, suchs 
as over-discharging, boosting at a high rate for long periods so 
that the temperature of the solution is over 115° F., lack of proper 
watering, etc. 


The storage battery today is well known, but is a dependable 
source of power only when properly selected for the work and 
properly cared for. The care of a storage battery is not difficult, 
but signs of weakening or breakdown are not so noticeable, as a 
roughcommutator,a loose bearing, or other troubles which occur in 
other mining machinery and with which mining men are familiar. 
To all outward appearances the cell may be in perfect condition, 
yet the plates may be buckled and short-circuited, dirt in the 
bottom of the container may be almost up to the plates, the solu- 
tion may be 14 in. below the top of the plates, etc. The battery 
will still operate the locomotive, but its dependability is gone and 
its life is materially shortened. The instructions issued by the 
battery manufacturer should be followed to the letter, if depend- 
able service and long life are to be expected. 


The development of locomotive types of batteries, with 
improved mechanical construction, together with improvements 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 87 


Storage Battery Locomotives—Continued 


ip the design of battery locomotives, has created a field for this 
type of apparatus. A study of the various classes of work in 
which it seems desirable to use storage batteries as a source of 
power has brought out several types of equipment, which may be 
classed as follows: 


CLASS A—Locomotive for operation on battery only; 
generally used in gathering work where grades are not heavy 
and where hauls are short. 


CLASS B—Battery locomotive with provisions for operating 
on atrolley. This is a combination of gathering and main haul 
work where main haul is comparatively short. 


CLASS C—Locomotive that can be operated from battery 
or trolley, with provisions for charging the battery from trolley. 
Charging from trolley increases the work that can be done per 
charge at the charging station. 


CLASS D—Trolley locomotive provided with a storage bat- 
tery. This is an especially useful unit where the work consists 
of a relatively long main haul and a comparatively small amount 
of gathering work. 


Each class of locomotive has its particular field of usefulness 
and if properly selected, installed, operated and cared for will 
do good work. 


Where conditions are such that a single battery will not have 
capacity enough to go through an eight-hour shift, or where it is 
desired to ‘“‘double-shift”’ the locomotive, it is generally supplied 
with two interchangeable batteries, so that one may be on charge 
while the other is in operation. 


For low headroom, a storage battery having an overall height, 
of 25 in. has been developed. This locomotive can be built for 
either straight storage battery or battery and trolley service. 
The fields are arranged for series-parallel operation, when run- 
ning on the battery or on the trolley. 

Goodman storage battery locomotives are available for track 
gauges of 24 in. to 60 in., in heights as low as 25 in., for industrial 
purposes, and in fact for any service where this type of equipment 
best meets the requirements. 


88 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Storage Battery Data 


Edison Batteries 


Edison batteries should be charged at a constant rate through- 
out the entire period of charging. 














Kilowatt Normal | Normal ; Normal | Maxi- | Weight 
Hours | Normal Dis- Rate of Dis- mum {per Cell, 
Type | per Cell | Charg- | charg- | Charg- | charge, | Ratefor | Includ- 
and at ing ing ing Ampere] Inter- ing 
Size | Normal | Time, Time, jand Dis-| Hours | mittent | Trays, 
Dis- Hours Hours |charging, Dis- Pounds 
charge Amperes charge, 
Rate Amperes 
A- 8 0.360 7 5 60 300 300 29.5 
A-10 450 i 5 75 SITES) 350 36.2 
At? 540 7 5 90 450 400 44.8 
G- 9 270 434 3% 67% 225 337 22 
G-11 330 434 3% 82% DHS 412 30 
G-14 420 434 3% 105 350 525 36 
G-18 540 43% 3% 135 450 675 48 
Lead Batteries 
Kilowatt Normal Charging 








Hours per} Normal 
Number| Cell at | Discharg- 
of Normal |ing Time, 
Plates | Discharge] Hours 
Rate 


Rate, Amperes Weight 
Normal per Cell, 
Discharge,} Including 
Start Finish Amperes Trays, 
Pounds 








MVY Ironclad Exide 


9 252 4 24 10 28 35 
11 0.315 4% 30 12 35 42 
13 378 41% 35 14 42 49 
15 441 44 40 16 49 57 
17 504 4% 45 18 56 66 
19 567 44 51 20 63 73 
21 630 4% 56 22 70 81 
23 693 4% 61 24 7% 88 
25 756 41% 66 26 84 95 
27 818 4 72 28 91 102 
29 881 4% 77 30 98 110 
31 943 4% 82 32 105 117 
33 1.010 41% 87 34 112 124 

Philadelphia 

11 0.30 5 28 7 30 34.2 
13 36 5 34 9 36 40 

15 ‘42 5 40 10 42 45.5 
17 ‘48 5 45 12 48 51,7 
19 54 5 51 14 54 57.7 
21 ‘60 5 56 15 60 63.5 
23 66 5 62 17 66 69.5 
25 72 5 68 19 72 75.5 
27 78 5 73 21 78 81.5 
29 ‘84 5 78 23 84 87.2 
31 ‘90 5 83 25 90 93 

33 ‘06 5 88 27 96 98.7 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 89 


Care of Batteries 


Points 1 to 21 Apply to All Types. 
Points 22 to 36 Apply to Edison Cells only. 
Points 37 to 48 Apply to Lead Cells only. 


All Types 


_ 1. Loose or dirty electrical connections cause excessive heat- 
ing; detected after current has been flowing for some time by 
feeling for warm connection or by loss in total battery voltage. 


2. Keep battery box clean. 


3. Direct current only can be used for charging. If only al- 
ternating current is available, a motor-generator or other form 
of current rectifier to convert alternating to direct current must 
be used. 


4. Before starting to charge, open compartment covers; 
see that solution is at proper level. Do not let temperature of 
solution exceed values given in Points 28 and 39. Excessive 
temperature on charge will shorten the life of the battery. 


5. In connecting battery to charging circuit, always connect 
positive and negative terminals of the battery to positive and 
negative sides of line, respectively; but when connecting tray 
to tray, or cell to cell, the positive of one must be connected to 
the negative of the next. 


6. When using an ampere-hour meter, it should be set so 
that the battery is recharged 25 per cent in excess of discharge. 
Meter will then show the correct amount of charge to put into 
the battery. Meter is set at the factory to take care of this. 


7. With the constant current method of charging, it will be: 
found necessary to adjust the rheostat about every half hour to 
keep the current at the right value. Set the current each time a 
few amperes high, so that it will not drop much below normal 
before the next adjustment. 


8. If necessary, and full capacity is not required, a battery 
may be taken off charge at any time and used. However, over- 
charges should be given at intervals as described in Points 22 
and 40. 


9. Do not allow the level of the solution to drop below the 
tops of the plates. Never fill higher than the proper level. If 
filled too high, solution will be forced out during charge. 


90 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Care of Batteries—cContinued 


All Types 


10. Never use anything but pure distilled water for replen- 
ishing, except and only when solution has been spilled, in which 
case use Standard Renewal Solution. 


11. Do not slop water over or around cells. Cell filler caps 
should be closed immediately after watering the battery and 
should never be left open. 


12. The ceils, trays and battery compartment must be kept 
dry, and care must be taken that dirt and other foreign substances 
do not collect at the bottom or between the cells. 


13. Cleaning is necessary about once in two months, ordi- 
narily. For thorough cleaning, battery should be removed from 
compartment. Cells, trays and compartments must be dry 
before battery is replaced, as dirt and dampness may cause cur- 
rent leakages resulting in serious injury to cells. 


14. Solution renewal is necessary occasionally, depending 
on the severity of service, the length of time the battery has been 
in service, and the care taken in watering and charging. - 


15. Do not pour out the old solution until the new is ready, 
and never allow cells to stand empty. 

16. Never bring a lighted match or other open flame near a 
battery. 

17. Never lay a tool or any piece of metal on a battery. 


18. Ifthe battery is to be laid up for a considerable length of 


time, be sure the plates are covered by the solution or electrolyte 
to the proper level. Lead batteries should be kept fully charged. 


19. The battery should not be left in a damp place. 


20. Never empty out the solution and let the battery stand 
unfilled. 

21. When putting the battery into commission, inspect each 
cell. See that the plates are properly covered with electrolyte 
and properly charged. 

Edison Cells 
Points in addition to Nos. 1 to 21 


22. Maximum electrical contact is obtained by forcing lugs 
down on the poles by tightening hexagon nuts. 

23. Designation of poles: Positive pole is designated by a red 
bushing around the pole and a plus (++) mark stamped on top of 
the cell cover. The negative pole is designated by a black bush- 
ing around it and no designating mark on the cell cover. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK o1 





Care of Batteries—cContinued 


¢ Edison Cells 


24. Batteries charge by either of two methods, with charging 
voltage equal to 2 times the number of cells in series: Constant 
current method may be used when an adjustable rheostat is 
included in the circuit; tapering current or constant potential 
method may be used with an adjustable rheostat or fixed resis- 
tance of proper design in the circuit. 


25. Specific gravity readings are of no value in determining 
the state of charge or discharge of a battery, because the specific 
gravity of the solution does not change during charge or discharge, 
except in cases of extremely high or low temperatures. 


26. Length of charge is determined by the extent of previous 
discharge. If the battery is totally discharged, it should be 
recharged at normal rate for the proper number of hours. If the 
battery is half discharged, it should be recharged at normal rate 
for half the number of hours. If the extent of the previous 
discharge is unknown, charge should be at the normal rate until 
the voltmeter readings have remained constant for 30 minutes at 
about 1.80 volts per cell, with normal current flowing. 


27. An overcharge should be given the battery; (a) when 
solution is renewed; (b) occasionally, if the battery is seldom dis- 
charged; (c) for two hours at normal rate when the battery is 
discharged at a much lower rate than normal and the capacity 
is not used in less than a week. Before starting an overcharge, 
the battery should be discharged completely and the solution 
brought to the proper level. 


28. The battery may be boosted at high rates during brief 
periods of idleness, thereby materially adding to the charge, 
provided the temperature of the solution in cells near the 
center of the battery, does not rise above 115°F. The following 
table gives figures that may be used under average conditions, 
but values that will not cause excessive heating must be de- 
termined in each case by experience: 


5 minutes at five times normal rate 
15 minutes at four times normal rate 
30 minutes at three times normal rate 
60 minutes at two times normal rate 
Frothing at the filler opening is an indication that the poostins 


has been carried too far (if the solution is at the proper level) an 
the high rate should be discontinued at once. 


92 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Care of Batteries—Continued 


Edison Cells 


29. Edison Batteries improve with use. Ifa battery operates 
somewhat sluggishly, use it as much as possible, giving it occa- 
sional discharges and overcharges, and it will soon pick up. : 


30. Ifa battery falls off in capacity after several months of 
operation, the cause may be any one of several things. Give the 
battery an overcharge, followed by three or four normal charges 
and discharges in regular service. This treatment will probably 
restore the battery to capacity; if it does not, the solution pro- 
bably needs changing. 


31. During charge of the Edison battery, water and electro” 
lyte are driven off as a gas and must be replaced with pure dis- 
tilled water which has been kept in a closed vessel. 


32. If the battery indicates sluggishness or lack of capacity 
after a long period of service and has not been given an over- 
charge, one cycle of overcharge should be given, followed by three 
or four normal cycles of charge and discharge. This will pro- 
bably bring the battery up to capacity and restore it to normal. 
If not, the solution should be changed. 


33. When ready to refill, first discharge the battery to zero 
voltage; then pour out half the solution; shake the remainder | 
vigorously and pour it out. Do not rinse the cells with water; use 
only the old solution for this purpose. Then pour in the new 
solution immediately, through a glass or enamelware funnel, or 
siphon directly from the drum through a clean rubber tube. Fill 
to exactly the proper level. 


34.. Never put lead battery acid into an Edison battery, nor 
use utensils that have been used with acid; to do so may ruin the 
battery. 


35. If the battery is to be laid up for a considerable time, be 
sure the plates are covered by the solution or electrolyte to the 
proper level. It does not matter what state of charge or dis- 
charge the battery is in when laid up. 


36. Cleaning is best accomplished with steam or air. A tube 
for steam cleaning may be made of 1-inch rubber steam hose 10 
feet long having inserted in one end a piece of iron pipe 12 inches 
long. One end of the pipe may be plugged and drilled to \&% 
inch diameter. Under 70 pounds steam pressure this tube will 
give satisfactory velocity. In using steam or air always remove 
cells from compartments before starting to clean. Never allow 
incrustations from top of cells to lodge between cells. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 93 





Care of Batteries—Continued 


Lead Cells 
Points in addition to Nos. 1 to.21 


37. Toconnect cells or trays, make all joints with lead burning 
equipment, because bolted joints corrode readily. Positive 
connections should always be burned; negatives may be bolted. 


38. Designations of poles: Positive of each tray is marked +; 
negative, —. Each positive pole should be connected to an 
adjacent negative pole. 


39. Charge may be started at a high rate providing the cur- 
rent is lowered and does not exceed the reading of the ampere- 
hour meter until the rate falls to about one ampere per plate. Open 
the battery compartment while charging. Temperature of the 
cells should not exceed 100° F. near the center of the battery. 


40. About once a week give the battery an equalizing charge 
by prolonging the ordinary charge until it is certain that all the 
cells and all the plates in each cell are fully charged. This is 
usually done at a rate somewhere between the finishing rate and 
one-half the finishing rate, as a precaution against excessive 
temperatures. If not practical to provide means for reducing 
the rate, the finishing rate may be used for the equalizing charge 


41. Add water before or immediately after starting a charge. 
This should not be necessary oftener than once a week, otherwise 
battery is given too much charge or is too hot. 


42. Never add acid to a cell. If solution has been spilled, 
replace with new solution at specific gravity of surrounding cells. 


43. Keep tops of cells clean. 

44, Always remove covers from battery box when charging. 

45. Ifa battery is to be laid up for a considerable length of 
time, the plates should be properly covered with solution and the 
battery kept charged. E 

46. Flush with water once each week. The cells may be 
cleaned by flushing with a hose or wiping off tops with waste or 
a rag. 

47, The battery may be charged at night sufficiently to give 
a normal full day’s work. 


48, Once a month after the equalizing charge, observe and 
record the specific gravity readings of each cell. Gravity should 
be between 1.250 and 1.290. 


94 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Rail Weights to Use 


For Locomotives with Four or Six Wheels 














Weight of Rail, Pounds per Yard 
Weight of 
Locomo- Four-Wheel Locomotive Six-Wheel Locomotive 
t ’ 
Tone 
Minimum Recommended Minimum Recommended 

2 85 20 

4 16 25 

5 16 25 

6 20 30 

8 2 30 

10 30 40 20 30 
13 30 50 25 40 
15 40 50 30 40 
20 50 60 40 50 
Zo 60 70 50 60 
30 75 80 60 70 
35 80 85 70 80 
40 85 90 75 85 
50 95 100 85 95 











The table is based approximately upon the allowance of 10 
pounds of rail weight per yard, per ton of locomotive weight on 
each driving wheel, for minimum rail section. For example, 
the minimum rail weight for a 20-ton 4-wheel locomotive is: 


20 x 10+4=50 Ib. per yard. 


The table values are approximate only, as the proper size or 
weight of rail must be determined with due consideration also 
of the nature of the roadbed, the spacing of the ties, the general 
construction and the horsepower of the motors. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 95 


Minimum Radius of Curve 


For Operation of Locomo- 
tives with Given Wheel 
Sizes and Wheel Bases 


Assuming that the gauge (G) 
is increased the proper amount 
at curves, usually about one inch. 





For practical purposes R=B+C. 


wherein, 
R=minimum radius of curve, feet. 
B =wheel base, inches. 
C =a constant, which varies inversely as the wheel base. 





Diameter of Wheel, Inches—D 





Wheel Base, 18 | 20 | 24 | 30 | 33 | 36 
Inches, — ES SSS ee 
B Constant—C 


Minimum Radius of Curve, Feet—R 





2014 8 8 
2434 8 9 Aa ee ol eee eee ae 
2714 9 10 11 

30 10 i1 12 

32 10 12 13 t4se les iece |: Shag 
36 12 13 15 16 17 17 
40 13 14 16 17 18 19 
Ase ee ale 15 17 18 19 20 
Vieni eee oe 16 17 19 20 21 
48 17 19 20 22 22 
Bee ees ee 20 22 24 24 
SOME ere Sen 22 24 26 26 
Owe ed ate ice: re 23 26 28 28 
Gg Reb Wiad OS eat ee 27 29 29 
CG aaeein ee ieee oe. 28 30 ill 
Tas meee ee Tas Fk’: ee. 31 33 35 
Pines fk 2 ne ieee 36 39 39 
OP Cet ees bl) ee 41 Ad 45 
{OSA EM AR ee” 47 49 50 
Bie oo eee eee te 52 55 56 





96 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Curvature of Track Rails 


Middle ordinates for curves of various radii, on chords of 
various lengths. : 


R=36 C?+0?7+24 O 








wherein 
R=Radius of curvature in feet 
Cc 
C=Length of chord in feet 
aye O= Middle ordinate in inches. 
Length of Chord (C), Feet 
Radius | 
(R) 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 25 30 | 50 
Feet 
Height of Middle Ordinate (O), Inches 
4 $05 53) 0. Fe Be acs ee eae 
5 S04) 60 ODOR 2.5 gt 20 2 alee cel pecan | eee 
6 ON 551322 Or Bi ies orc een ae ee ee ee 
7 SE D4d 25 22 Elis, Po aes ea Os cers Fy eee ee ee 
8 4.81) 21. OG} G2e09 le. oe. cyl a eee ae ee ee 
9 A925) 18, 2ONASS SON iene Bey. SPW oe OR oe aie ee 
10 3.84) 16: 08) 40" 6312120" Oli sas ae ee | ee 
12 3. 16) 93. 419|"39..64) 9964.40) eee ee = eee 
15 2.52) LOS29'- 24.121) 45) 84) 805501 180200 |e 
20 1283-7 O20 F534 3251S) 52205 ol oo ee ee 
25 1.40 06} 13.82] 25.05) 40.19} 60.00} 300.00 
30 1,25 


75 4. 8.04) 212759) 18.18) 51.47 
100 50} 3.38 6. 

125 120 2 o 4.81 7,92} 510.84} 4330.31 
150 LOC eo. 4.00 6.26 9.02) 25.18 
PAL Ueier | Dieser fog Ep. 268 3.00 4.69 6.70) paS-82 
250 200 (iL KS 2.40 Re 5.40] 15.04 
500 o50 aeee 1.20 1.88 2210 EPpy) 
750 20 45 .80 29 1.80 5.00 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK oF 








Curvature of Track Rails—cContinued 


« Middle Ordinates and Radii of Curvature for Various Chord 
Lengths. 






























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ra le Atle 
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26 
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lo 18 4 2% 26 30 
Middle Ordinatn(Oy tiches 2 3 


& 


Horizontal lines for radii of curvature intercept curves for 
chord lengths at vertical lines for heights of middle ordinate. 


EXxAMPLE—Horizontal line for 20-ft. radius intercepts curve 
for 15-ft. chord at vertical line for 17% in. middle ordinate. 


98 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Elevation of Outer Rail at Curves 











Speed, Miles per Hour 
Radius 






































of Er el ee PO en RON er TT 
Mieck Elevation of Outer Rail, Inches 
8 AOL S 148] eae te ehh oe eer ene ee ee chee 
10 3.85. 315,907 18. 54 ole eo labs ai hemtn ie sia ie mete 
12013 221 OOM TTS 27 ee, ele ee. Pee) eee 
14 12,575.14 2816: 09s) 109 64, aoe Rolie rete eli ae eeenet a een ac 
1612.40 15.75 45:31 9) 0:49 of 14 Te nee ores ae ead ne 
13) 12.4413.33 4-15 i S4¥e {Stee e ee oe. ene Pie ie 
20..11,9212:99 14 27 a7 POT L200 Bek asi te Sab ee ic coe ee 
2§:AT,54 12.39 43 42a 1G. abe OOO doc OO wie vewa Ae ti eee 
301,30 12.007 12:84. 4210 a4 S00 RAE OAs oe eee nee 
S50 10 9d 7 12 Soe 8403 30.) OSGeo on aimee bie AL eerie eee 
40°} 6.960/1.51) (2.137) 3.84 | 6.007) 8.61 113.500)00 2 RY yaree 
AS b ESS [L335 190) 3.40 0 S32 Ota edo ye ee etn. 
5021 771119 Ware 103.06 4 SOMO SOMO ioe cae eee 
60, | *.644) .993)1.42 12:56 9 4:00. 4 5.75 409.00") Cae 
$0.) 2-479) 7 S11 06 El 3 8 D0U 4 52 AO: 0b Ld Oa 
100.4'5385) 359885415155 24 Ons ae ee AO SO nae 
19041 by a 399) 59081 09 le LOU A230 Or OU at nom 2 ste 
JAN OTS DE S001 FAZT) VA FOSt 2 len SL 72.1270 ok a Oar 
OV Bae ae 2284) eS 114s 2800 LSU 18s eae 20 
AND Di eee i Bes a et wot). 0001) 2.800I) 1.3502. 3905 5.35 
DOU | Foose ae 6 Med mtatenen ace amen 480) .687| 1.08 | 1.91 | 4.31 
LOOQ iors A Ges eekedeue clad cient Caleta te eel ieee fe .269| .478) 1.08 





The above values are for 36-inch gauge. 


For any other gauge, multiply the value in the table by that 
gauge and divide by 36. 

EXAMPLE.—How much higher should the outer rail be on a 
42-inch gauge track if the radius of the curve is 45 ft. and the 
locomotive is to round the curve at 8 miles per hour? 

SoLuTIon.—The table gives the elevation 3.40 in. for 36-inch 
gauge. Hence for 42-inch gauge the elevation should be 42 x 3.40 
+36 =3.97, or 4 inches, 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 99 





Frogs and Switches 


i) 
Sc es 


<i 


1. Frog Number 


The number of a frog is determined by the degree of its spread 
—the angle at which the gauge lines cross. 


The number of inches in which the spread of the gauge lines 
increases one inch is assigned as the number of the frog. Hence: 


To find the Number of any Frog: Measure across the frog 
point at a place (A) where the distance between the gauge lines 
is even inches or some convenient fraction; measure again where 
the distance is an inch greater (B) than at A; the number of 
inches (C) between the two measurements (A and B) is the 
number of the frog. 


EXAMPLE—Measurement at A= 2 inches; at B=3 inches; 
distance C=2 inches. Then the frog is a No. 2. 


Frog Spreads and Angles 














Spread Spread 
Frog per Foot, Frog Angle Frog per Foot, | Frog Angle 

oO Inches No. Inches 
1 12.00 535 48" 4 3.00 14°e15% 
1144 9.60 43° 36’ Aly 2.82 13.) 25 
114 800s) 367.52! wi abe D Gio ito Ae 
13% 6.86 3 bg a 5 2.40 P25 
2 6.00 | 28° 4’ 514 2.18 | 10° 24’ 
24% ete 25 aes 6 2.00 OF 32" 
2% 4.80 VOY oe 6% 1.85 8° 48’ 
234 4.36 20° Si. 7 gil 8° 10’ 
3 4.00 182-55" 1% 1.60 15.38, 
314 3.69 tans 8 1.50 Tally 
3% 3.43 16.2) 167 mi.0 SS 6° 44" 
334 3.20 ESS 1-44 10 1220 | Or22 


100 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





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GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 101 








Frogs and Switches—Continued 





2. Frog Lead—Straight Rail 
(Table, preceding page) 


Frog lead is the distance from switch point to frog point, 
measured along the straight track. 

It is equal to twice the track gauge, multiplied by the frog 
number. Since frog lead is usually wanted in feet, while gauge 
is usually expressed in inches, the formula becomes: 

L=2G X N+12 
=GN+6 
wherein, 

L =Frog lead in feet. 

G=Track gauge in inches. 

N =Number of frog. 

EXAMPLE—Track gauge, 36 in.; frog No. 2. Thea 

Frog lead =36 X 2+6=12 ft. 

Note—For a given frog, the lead varies directly as the track 

gauge; for a given track gauge, the lead varies directly as the 


frog number. . 
3. Rail Lead—Curved Rail 
(Illustration above. Table, next page) 

The length of curved rail from switch point to frog point, 
corresponding to the frog lead for a given track gauge, is given 
with close approximation by the formula; 

C=G (v1+4 N2—N/2)+9 
wherein, 

C =Curved rail lead in feet. 

G=Track gauge in inches. 

N =Frog number. 

ExAMPLE—Track gauge 36 in.; frog No. 2. Then 

Curved rail lead =36 (V1+(4 X 4) —1.) +9 
12.492 ft. =12 ft. 6 in. 

NotEe—For a given frog, the curved rail lead length varies 

directly as the track gauge. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


102 








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103 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








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104 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Frogs and Switches—Continued 





4. Radius of Curve 
For a Given Gauge and Frog 


(Table, preceding page) 


The radius of curvature, measured at center line of track, is 
equal to twice the track gauge multiplied by the square of the 
frog number. To get radius in feet, using track gauge in inches, 


the formula is: 
R=(2G x N2) +12 
=(G x N2)+6 
wherein, 
R = Radius of curve in feet. 
G=Track gauge in inches. 
N =Number of frog. 


EXAMPLE—Track gauge 36 in.; frog No. 2. Then 
Radius =36 x 4+6=24 ft. 


NotE—For a given track gauge, the radius of curvature 
varies as the square of the frog number; for a given frog, the 
radius of curvature varies directly as the track gauge. 


5. Frog to Use 
For.a Given Gauge and Radius 
(Illustration above, Table, next page) 


Transposing the radius formula above we have for frog 
number; 
N?2=(6x R)+G 
EXxAMPLE—Track gauge, 36 in.; radius of curve, 24 ft. Then 
N?=6 x 24+36=4 


and 
N=2 


GOODMAN MINING 


105 


HANDBOOK 





Frogs and Switches—Continued 


Frog to Use 


5. 
For a Given Gauge and Radius 


(Formula and Illustration, preceding page) 




















Track Gauge, Inches 
































No. of Frog to Use 


RON AER AN RN NAS 


| awn weenie SA NNN NANNAN NAANANN 


OLN LAAN SW SOUR MAAN 


Bo | wane wens NANAN ANNAN NANAN 


RAAAN LX WN WON AAA 


ced ead vl eat Melee SSK lh | Sait ONO NANNNN NANNN NANAN 


SN RRA RN RON MAAN LAAN 


a De Boe | Sos ee aa ee ae! se ANN NANNN NANNN ANANNNM 


SN RAAAN XX NNN MOK AAAN 


dennis MAA BANNANN ANANNNN ANANNN ANNNM 


RN RANRN X SM RRA NAAN 


Seas AeA BFNANNN ANANANNN ANNAN MMMM 


NEN NAN NNN NAAN X NEN 


Sn Manian then ihe! Se oe Be | NANAN NANNN NM) m9 09 


RAN LAN RENN LAL XN AS 


5 iF cs |S oa ih | SaasN NANNNN NANNY el oolvelivelice) 0 09 09 0 


REXN RX NNN RUN REX AAAS 


aes wee sNN ANANNANN NANO (eR oelseloeli se) oF 0) 0) 0 


SOR AS OO AUR EX ON EN RAN 


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Sass BANNAN ANNANNM MMMMM MMMM St tt 


WORN NX MON AAU RENN LN NNN 


Sea ANNAN ANNMM MOMMMM HOMMHH Potts 









































MOMDNHA ONWHOSO oS 
5 os Be en oe N 


(Continued on next page) 


106 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Frogs and Switches—cContinued 


5. Frog to Use 
For a Given Gauge and Radius—Continued 


(Formula and Illustration, second page preceding) 








Track Gauge, Inches 

















pediue 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 3010"36 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 48 |5614 
Curve, 
Feet : 
No. of Frog to Use 
60 44| 4% 384| 384] 314| 314| 341 3 | 3 | 284] 2%] 2% 
62 AM aig 4 14 Seg 3871 334i"Siz eS ala eS sia 
64 Alg\ 434\ 434i. 4 (e387) 38718314) Sig) Su Gan Genie cabo 
66 494) 4\4)- 497471 6 i394) 387) 334) SIG tacleg wh 2oclnoas 
68 434| 414| 414| 4341 4 | 384] 334| 314] 314] 3141 3 | 3° | 234 
70 434| 414| 434] 434) 4- | 38z! 384] 336) 314) 313.13 Io% 
72 5.4 48411414) 411-40 14 (63 aZ {ate 3iziesia| 3iZl 3 [ere 
74 5 | 434} 444) 43z} agi 4} 387.344) 3izie3iz| gaa Ss 112 
76 S| a8z) 404 lalieaiay aciha desist steh s isl sighs. (pode 
78 5 | 43g] 484] 446] 414| 4 | 4 | 33Z] 334] 314| 3%] 3%] 3 
80 5 5 | 484 4g 4441 3841 334) 3ie] assist 
82 5. boS atl 48g) 434]. 46\°4l 4971 33a] a tel: sial sinieaiaies 
84 Slt S482 abe ale ale lig an og oZ gic a tenala aig 
86 S515 | 42a) 436 437) 414| 384) 334) 344) 34h sii 
88 5i4\ 5 | 5 b48qh alg) 47 4 segirass gigi ais) Siz 
90 514-5 | 5. 124840434) 444] 44g) 4. |) 384) 346h 3341-3718 
92 5141 51%4| 5 | 43¢].414| 414] 414] 4 | 33g) 3141 316| 3%| 3 
94 534| Si4i 5. | 4841 43¢) Abela 4 | 387 332h.ate| Sielisi 
96 5141 51441 5 | 5° | 48g] 414] 436] 4 | 332] 384] 314| 316] 31 
98 5%| 5461 54%1 5 | 484] 414| 414] 4 | 33¢] 334] 334] 334] 334 
100 6 S54 S145 4h 48¢le4s7l 4144 a) 4h 384) S84 Bisse 
110 6.) 6 1-534) S015 e43ch 484) 4g 40 |. 4 ob 38al 387i aie 
120 644) 6h 514, Bi So) 5 se aeah Aig aial Abad ll 9oc Waka 
130 634), 6146 wh Si4lsis 434| 41441 414| 414| 4° | 33¢ 
140 7°| 6%| 6 | 6 | 53] 5%| 5 | 434| 416] 414] 414] 434] 334 
150 7 | 6% 6%!| 6 | 6 | 5%] 5%] 5 | 434] 484] 414] 414] 4 
‘160 734\. 7% |, 6341 GIS) Gi 6.2) Séal 5,05 hl doz in 4ecl 4eeiee in 
170 TY) 71 TS OMIOLS GG Al S34| Sel Sa) keg ee ele 
180 rea e eda” yen ae pe Gat) S44 \ 5341) 5 oS led oc eee 
200 8. 1 TBE TIF: Fol 63s 614i 26 1S 4 eS is eee ee 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK _107 


Rail Sections and Drilling 
A. S. C. E. Standard 40 to 100 pounds, inclusive. 


LIGHT RAILS—There is no A.S. C. E. Standard for rails 35 
pounds and lighter. The principal dimensions here given have 
been adopted by the majority of large rail manufacturers, some 
of whom do not, however, conform to the drilling dimensions 




















listed. 
A 
D 
a ae EA Oe 

Dimensions, Inches Weight 

Rail Area of of Single 
Wts., Cross- Track, 
Pounds | Section, Rail | Drilling Short 

per Square Tons per 

Yard Inches 10 

A-B C D E|F |G*| H | Feet 
12 6 Meg (3 24 51K 2 4 54 4.00 
16 155:7 2% 111g, 17/08 2 4 5% 5.33 
20 2.00 2% 1114 111g, 2. 4 % 6.67 
D5 25 234 1% 129/108 | 2 4 54 8.33 
30 2.9 3% 11lL% 1254, Z, 4 34 10.00 
35 3.4 Bo feed Sql ey De 0/4 84| 11.67 
40 3.9 3% 1K 171/jo8 | 214] 5 iy USe35 
45 4.4 Bil. 4) 8 2 figs | atel's %| 15.00 
50 4.9 3% DA ettte Tho iahs 1 16.67 
So: 5.4 3146 2144 1108/08] 216) 5 1 LSi3o 
60 5.9 44 2% 1115/;o8} 2146] 5 1 20.00 
65 6.4 Al%, 2134 1314 2%| 5 ogee le Gh 21.67 
70 6.9 458 21% 23K 24%! 5 6 fi De RS 
TS) 7.4 413/, 2136 215/98 | 216) 5 6 1 25.00 
80 is 2% en 2 te i Geen t 26.67 
85 8.3 53% 2% 2114, 2%| 5 6 | 28.33 
90 8.8 5% 2% 245/198 | 244] 5 6 1 30.00 
95 9.3 5% 211% 255/108 | 244) 5 6 1 31.67 
100 9.8 534 234 285/193 | 214] 5 6 1 33.00 


*Rails 65 lb. and lighter have only two holes. 


108 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Rails, Splices, Bolts and Spikes 
Per 1,000 Feet of Single Track 


Rails, Splices and Bolts 





Number of Bolts 





Rail Number Number 
Length, of fe) 
Feet Rails Splices 4 per 6 per 
Joint Joint 
18 111 22z 888 1332 
20 100 200 800 1200 
22 91 182 728 1092 
25 80 160 640 960 
2h 74 148 592 888 
30 67 134 536 804 
Spikes 
os) Ties Spaced 2 Ft. on Centers; 4 Spikes per Tie. 
Spike Size *Average Spikes per 1000 Feet of Rail 
Under Number Single Track Weights, 
Head, per Keg of Pounds 
Inches 200 Pounds per Yard 
Pounds Kegs " 
216x3% 1650 243 1144 8 to 16 
3 x% 1380 295 1% 12 to 20 
3 16x34 1250 325 1% 12 to 20 
4 x% 1025 395 Z 16 to 25 
3l6xlg 890 455 23% 16 to 25 
4 xl, 780 515 25% 20 to 30 
4lExle 690 585 3 20 to 30 
4 xi 605 665 33% 25 to 35 
41oxl4 518 775 3% 25 to 35 
5 xk 475 850 414 35 to 40 
5 x% 405 995 5 40 to 56 
SYEx% 360g 1120 554 45 to 90 
6 x%& 320 1250 614 50 to 100 


*Variation of 10% with different makers. Verify when ordering and 
allow for extras. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 109 


Mine Hoisting 


The six diagrams on following pages are for use in connection 
with hoisting engines of direct connected, or first motion type. 


Diagram 1. Rope Speeds. 


EXAMPLE—What will be the rope speed if the engine stroke 
is 30 in., the piston speed 800 ft. per minute, and the diameter 
of the drum 4 ft.? 


SOLUTION—Starting at the top of the diagram, at the line 
for 800 ft. per minute, trace vertically down to the diagonal 
for 30-in. stroke; thence horizontally to the diagonal for 4-ft. 
drum; thence vertically down to the bottom, to find the rope 
speed—2100 ft. per minute. 


Diagram 2. Drum Capacities. 


EXAMPLE—How many feet of 34-in. rope will wind in one 
layer on a 6-ft. cylindrical drum with a 2-ft. ungrooved face? 


SOLUTION—Starting at the top of the diagram, at the line 
for 6-ft. drum diameter, trace vertically down to the diagonal 
for 34-in. rope; thence horizontally to the diagonal for 2-ft. 
face; thence vertically down to the bottom, to find the length 
of rope—590 ft. 


Diagram 3. Ropes in Multiple Layers. 


EXAMPLE—What length and weight of 1-in. rope will there 
be in 3 layers on a 9-ft. drum having a 2-ft. face? 


SOLUTION—Starting at the top of the diagram, at the line for 
9-ft. drum diameter, trace vertically down to the diagonal for 
1-in. rope; thence horizontally to the diagonal for 3. layers; 
and thence vertically down to the center of the diagram, to 
find the length of rope—1000 ft. per foot of face, which, multi- 
plied by the face width in feet, gives 2000 ft. Continuing 
vertically down to the diagonal for 1-in. rope, and thence hori- 
zontally to the right, the weight will be found—1600 lb. per 
foot of face, or 3200 Ibs. for the 2-ft. face. 


110 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Mine Hoistin g—Continued 


Diagram 4. Load Capacities. 


EXAMPLE—What vertical unbalanced load can a 28 x 36- 
in. engine handle, if it has a 6-ft. drum, and is running on 80 
lbs. steam presst:re? 


SOLUTION—Starting at the top of the diagram, at the line 
for 28-in. cylinder diameter, trace vertically down to the diagonal 
for 36-in. stroke; thence horizontally to the diagonal for 80 lbs. 
steam; thence vertically down to the curve for 6-ft. drum 
diameter; and thence horizontally to the left side, to find the 
vertical unbalanced load—14,200 lbs. 


Diagram 5. Rates of Hoisting. 


EXAMPLE—How many cars per hour can be handled in a 
shaft 600 ft. deep, if the average speed of the rope is 1500 ft. 
per minute and the time required to change or dump cars is 
25 seconds? 


SOLUTION—Starting at the top of the diagram, at the line 
for 600 ft. shaft depth, trace vertically down to the straight 
diagonal for 1500-ft. rope speed; thence horizontally to the 
curved diagonal for 25 seconds; and thence to the bottom 
to find the capacity—74 cars per hour. 


Diagram 6. Hoisting on Inclines. 


EXAMPLE—What size of rope should be used and what 
horsepower will be required, to haul 6000 lbs. up a 45° incline 
at the rate of 600 ft. per minute? 


SOLUTION—Starting at the upper left side of the diagram, 
at the line for 6000 lbs., trace horizontally to the right to the 
diagonal for 45° incline; thence vertically down to the center 
of the diagram, to find the rope size—%-in. diameter. Con- 
tinuing vertically down to the diagonal for 600 ft. speed, and 
thence horizontally to the left side, the theoretical power re- 
quired will be found—80 hp. 

For the actual horsepower an additional allowance of about 
25 percent must be made, for friction, etc. Hence in the present 


example the actual horsepower will be 80+20=100 hp. - ay, 


Ou 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Mine Hoisting—Continued 
Diagram 1—Rope Speeds 


Engine Speeds and Drum Diameters 
Instructions for use on a preceding page. 


PISTON SPEED, FEET 
3 
ite) 
s 






































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a2. GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Mine Hoistin g—Continued 
Diagram 2—Drum Capacities 
Single Layers of Rope 
Instructions for use on a preceding page. 


DIAMETER OF DRUM IN FEET. 
(NOT ig ee 


MMU 
HNMEUUT NSU AT TEUMOPAN UTP CATE 
UTTER ST 
ANA 
NE eA Sy 
LULU er TAL 
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aS 


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ay ad Gay Ad A Ae 
ae 





60g 
S 
40 
350 
30 
250 
e 


LENGTH OF ae, IN FEET. 


hig 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Mine Hoisting—Continued 
Diagram 3—Ropes in Multiple Layers 


Lengths and Weizghts of Ropes 


in One or More Layers 


Instructions for use on a emcee page. 


S 




















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Diagram 4—Load Capacities 
Vertical Unbalanced Loads 
INCHES 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 
Mine Hoisting—Continued 


Se Oa Or STERM™M oP Neate 


Instructions for use on a preceding page. 


4 


11 






















































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GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK is 








Mine Hoisting—Continued 
Diagram 5—Rates of Hoisting 


Cars Per Hour From Various Depths 


Instructions for use on a preceding page. 


DEPTH OF SHAFT IN FEET 
oO O 


























































































































































































































fish recat She oa. 8 ae 
= wv %) g a TW) RS 7) ® fe) 
i 
OL OTS O OO) O20 
SER BR SLR RES GES 
i N 
NUMBER OF CARS PER HOUR HANDLED. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


116 


Mine Hoisting—Continued 


Diagram 6—Hoisting on Inclines 


Rope Sizes and Power Required 


Instructions for use on a preceding page. 








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GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK ey, 


Wire Rope 


Dimensions and Strength 





6 Strands, Hemp Core 








Crucible Steel Plow Steel ae 
Mini- 
mum 


: Approx- 
Diam- Anas Weight 
eter, ircum- |per Foot,| Breakin Saf Byer es Size of 
g afe reaking| Safe 
Inches serene Pounds |Strength,| Working|Strength,! Working| Sheave, 
nches Tons | Load, | Tons | Load, | Feet 
Tons Tons 


A. 7 Wires per Strand 











% i% 125 res 5 3.4 68 75 
5% 1 15 3.5 a7 4.4 88 225 
3% 114% 2 4.6 9 5.9 1.20 2.75 
i% 1% .30 5.5 ha 7 1.40 3 

4% 14% .39 Hel sha 10 2 3.50 
% 13% 50 10 2 £2 2.40 4 

58 2 62 13 2.6 16 3.20 4.50 
11%, 2% 75 15.4 Soil 18 3.60 4.75 
34 24% 89 18.6 3d a3 4.60 5 

% 234 1.20 24 4.8 31 6.20 6 
1 3 1.58 31 6.2 38 7.60 7 
1% 3% 2.00 37 7.4 47 9.40 8 
14 4 2.45 46 9.2 60 12 9 
1% 4% 3.00 53 10.6 72 14.40 10 
114 434 3.55 63 1256 82 16.40 11 

B. 19 Wires per Strand 

Y% 34 10 2.20 44 2.65 ae 1 
5% 1 ‘TS 3.10 .62 3.80 .76 1.25 
3% 1% 22 4.80 96 5.75 1.15 1.50 
% 14 .30 6.50 1.30 8 1.60 1.75 
% 1% 39 8.40 1.68 10 2 2 
VY 13% 50 10 2 12.30 2.40 2.25 
A 2 .62 12.50 2.50 15.50 3.10 2.50 
34 2% .89 17.50 3:50 23 4.60 3 

% 234 1.20 23 4.60 29 5.80 3.50 
1 3 1.58 30 6 38 7.60 4 
11% 3% p 38 7.60 AT 9.40 4.50 
114 4 2.45 47 9.40 58 42 5 
13% 44 3 56 11.20 72 14 5.50 
1% 434 3.55 64 12.80 82 16 6 
1% 5 4.15 72 14.40 94 19 6.50 
1% 5% 4.85 85 17 112 22 z 
1% 534 5.55 96 19 127 25 8 
2 6% 6.30 106 21,20 he 28 8 
2% 7% 8 133 26.60 | 186 37 9 
2% 1% 9.85 170 34 229 46 10 
234 85% 11.95 oT WKN Yon eta Ms 55 ig | 





118 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Wire Ropes and Splicing 


Guard against kinks or nicks in all wire ropes, but especially 
in hoisting ropes. It is universal practice to replace immediately 
any section of hoisting rope showing signs of wear or broken 
strands. 

Where human life is involved, as with hoists for the raising 
and lowering of men, a daily inspection should be made at points 
of greatest strain or where the rope is looped. 

Splices are not permitted on this class of work. In power 
transmission, aerial tramways or haulage rope, splices are per- 
missable and may be made practically as strong as the rest of 
the rope. 


Wire Rope Splicing 









































Size of Rope, Inches....... | | % | % | KB | 1 1/1%/14/1%/1% 
ASS. pees Dt Ls ee ee | ees 
Length of Splice, Feet...... | 20 | 20 | 20 | 30 |} 30 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 














TOOLS. REQUIRED FOR SPLICING—Sharp cold chisel, 
hammer, pair of strong nippers, 2 rope clamps or small hemp 
rope slings, knife, pair of 2-lb. copper or lead mallets, and bench 
vise. 


METHOD OF SPLICING—With rope overlapped at least 
the length of the splice, mark center of splice on each loose end 
with binders, Fig. 1. 


Unlay each end to center mark and cut off hemp core, Fig. 2. 
Interlock the unlaid strands of each end alternately. Draw 
together so that center marks meet, Fig. 3. 


Unlay one strand from one loose end (A), replacing it with 
the opposite strand from the other loose end (1) until all but 
12 in. of the second strand has been laid. Cut off the longer 
strand to same length as the shorter, and tie the strands in 
place temporarily, Fig. 4. Repeat the operation on the other 
side of the splice. Treat the other strands in the same manner, 
stopping each pair of strands 1/5 of the length of the splice 
from the preceding pair. Cut all protruding strands to 12 in. 
Wrap ends of strands with friction tape and straighten them, 
Hig, S: 

Untwist and open the rope at one of the end pairs of loose 
ends. Cut and remove the hemp core, replacing same, as it is 
removed, by the two loose strand ends. Do not cross the strands. 
Cut off the core at the end of each strand. 

Repeat for each pair of strands, twisting back and closing the 
rope each time and hammering the strands into place before 
shifting the clamps. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK. Ta2 





Wire Rope Splicing 


For directions see preceding page. 


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GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


120 












































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__ GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 121 





Humidifying Mine Air 
To Prevent Coal Dust Explosions 


Investigations during the last few years, particularly by 
the U. S. Bureau of Mines, have brought out the rather sur- 
prising fact that, practically regardless of the relative humidity 
of the ventilating air at the intake, or of the temperature con- 
ditions, the relative humidity of the mine ventilating current 
when discharged from the mine varies from 80% to 100% and 
is usually over 90%. 


The following table summarizes 48 tests that were made, 
and shows that for every 100,000 cubic feet of air circulated 
per minute, an average of 5,657 gallons of water is extracted 
from the mine by the ventilating current every 24 hours. 


Extract from Bureau of Mines Bulletin, No. 20 





Name Air ; Water 
Num-| ber | Lempera- Relative Extracted, 
her of ture, Humidity, Gallons 
State oF Ob- | Degrees F.| Per Cent 
Mines] ser- ee ee 
va- 
tions | In- | Re- | In- | Re- Per Per 24 
take | turn | take} turn | 100,000 Hours 
(Orig IRE, 
Ala bamar tod as 5 Si Atm OO es 2,02, 00 wee 3,269 
LOWE yee ee 3 3 | 46.5) 56.5) 61.5) 93 4.70 6,768 
HinGISeeane 8 | 11 | 45.5)58 | 60.5) 91 4.44 6,394 
New Mexico..| 9 | 14 | 36 | 53 | 57 | 82 4,57 6,432 
Colorado... 1 Te Zen Om loses 4 9.02 | 12,991 
West Virginia.| 9 9 | 58.5} 56 | 63 | 94 2.30 | 3,341 
Virginia as. 1 1 |49 |57 | 84 |95.5| 3.04 4,378 
Pennsylvania. 1 4 |48 |49 | 87 | 9t Let L635 
otal Aaa 59! (HA 8 
Average.. 53 158.5) 63 | 90.5) 3.94 5,09/ 





A review of analyses of American coals shows that the normal 
moisture content of green bituminous coal varies from 2% 


Onl 5 ae 


122 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Humidifying Mine Air—Continued 

In tests made by the Bureau of Mines, coal dust has been 
exploded without the assistance of any gas, when the percent- 
age of moisture was as high as 20%, but samples of dust which 
contain from 29% to 31% moisture could not be exploded. 
It would seem from these tests that if explosive coal dust is 
to be made safe by dampening or wetting, its moisture content 
should be increased from that of green bituminous coal, which 
normally varies from 2% to 15%, till it reaches at least 30%. 


Since this is a known fact, and since coal dust is constantly 
being produced in the mine by blasting, shoveling, hauling, etc., 
various methods have been devised to keep the coal dust from 
being dangerous. 


Following are some of the methods: 


1. Loading and cleaning up such coal dust as can be reached, 
which is obviously a necessity. However, it is impossible to 
get at large quantities lodged on timbers and in crevices at 
remote points. 


2. Sprinkling from water cars, or with a hose and nozzle, 
or with a permanent system of sprinklers. This, however, 
is only local in its effect, and will not reach the crevices, nor 
points which are remote from the tracks. 


3. Application of calcium chloride or other deliquescent 
salt. This is also more or less local in its effect. 


4. Coating the walls and floors of the passageways with 
rock dust, or placing such dust on easily overturned shelves, 
to confine the explosion within certain zones in the mine. 


5. Adding moisture to the mine air. This is advisable 
if roof and other conditions permit, as it effectively reaches 
every part of the mine. 


Air has the ability to hold a certain amount of invisible 
moisture in suspension. The higher the temperature of the 
air, the greater is the amount it will hold. When the air is 
carrying all of the invisible moisture it can, the condition is — 
known as saturation. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 125 








Humidifying Mine Air—Continued 
The ratio of the amount of invisible moisture that is in the 
air at any temperature, to the maximum amount of invisible 
moisture it will carry when saturated at that temperature, 


expressed in percentage, is known as the relative humidity 
of the air. The Relative Humidity table on next page shows the 
amount of water the air will carry at any given temperature. 


Therefore, if the temperature of saturated air is lowered, a cer- 
tain amount of the moisture that was invisible, becomes visible 
in the form of fog, vapor, or rain, and is deposited on any sur- 
face with which the air may come in contact. 


In warm weather, when the relative humidity of the out- 
side air is high and its temperature is lowered on entering the 
mine, the surplus moisture is deposited along the cooler walls 
of the mine, the process being known as sweating. 


In cold weather, cool air enters the mine with a compara- 
tively small percentage of moisture, but, warmed by the walls 
of the mine, the air develops a strong affinity for moisture, and 
abstracts it from the coal and other surfaces in the mine. It 
has been shown by the observations summarized in the foregoing 
table from the Bureau of Mines Bulletin that the air in this 
way will abstract enough moisture to reach a relative humidity 
of between 80% and 100% by the time it leaves the mine. This 
indicates the extreme power of cool mine air to dry up the dust. 


Saturating the cold air at the intake does not remedy this 
evil, for as the air warms on encountering the warmer walls 
of the mine, its capacity for moisture increases, and it abstracts 
more from the surfaces with which it comes in contact. 


Frequent saturation of the air along the passageways as 
it becomes warm will not render the explosive coal dust safe, 
because saturating such air at all parts of the mine simply 
prevents it from abstracting moisture from the coal dust and 


does not cause it to add moisture to the coal dust. 


124 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Relative Humidity 
Percentages of Complete Saturation 


By differences between Readings of Wet and Dry Bulb 
































Thermometers. 
Difter- Temperature, Degrees Fahrenheit 
ence ees 
Between | 
Wet and| 32 | 40 | 50 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 
Dry 
Ther- 
mometers Relative Humidity, Per Cent (Barometer, 30 Inches) 
uf 89 92 93 94 95 96 96 96 
2 79 83 87 89 90 91 92 93 
3 69 75 80 83 86 87 89 89 
4 59 68 74 78 81 83 85 86 
5 49 60 67 fe ay, 79 81 83 
6 39 52 61 68 ie (hs 78 80 
qi 30 45 55 63 68 72 74 77 
8 20 af 49 58 64 68 ri 73 
9 11 29 43 a3 59 64 68 70 
10 2 23 38 48 55 61 65 68 
ci ieee 15 oy 43 1 57 61 65 
12 ee yi sn 39 48 54 58 62 
LS? ieee 0 2a 34 44 50 55 59 
14 Mi. ible GO 16 30 40 47 52 56 
USE cee omen Share ee ol 26 36 44 49 54 
LOM ee steer 5 pe 33 Al 47 51 
rR ARS (ASE en |e Rte 0 17 29 38 44 49 
1S Ma eee Re eA oe ae se 13 HAs) o> 41 46 
10 satis: Poel aaa eee arene: 9 22 32 39 44 
5) URES Bee OB SEY Ss) Mea a 5 19 29 36 41 
OWN Ps aera nN Yd suo Aare 1 15 26 34 39 
2D eet od Maine gee det eeitice 21 cae eam 12 23 Ot Sif 
DS) NE Te STE SERA Op TA ENE ieee 9 20 29 35 
pA IG Re En art ee Le rr eh TER tree 6 18 26 33 
2G oe. eet oar Ln: &, Toe a Rte ee as 12 fhe) 28 
V) Sais Rip me bed es ay 7 17 24 
SO Pe Se ee ey cee a oe nee eee 13 yal 


























GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK ve) 








Humidifying Mine Air—Continued 

The only way, therefore, that the air current can deliver 
moisture to the coal dust when the air is cooler than the mine, 
is by being frequently moistened beyond the point of satura- 
tion, or “fogged”’ as it traverses the mine, so that the current 
carries in suspension in the form of steam, fog, or vapor a cer- 
tain amount of moisture in addition to the invisible moisture 
required for saturation, this excess to be deposited upon the 
walls of the mine and on the dust. The moisture thus in su- 
pension will be carried for long distances, because kept in 
floatation by the mechanical agitation of the air currents. 


The exhaust steam from a fan is often used at the intake 
to accomplish this purpose, but the steam is injurious to many 
mine roofs and cannot always be used. Water sprayers, water 
jets operating under pressure, and driving water into the air 
in a finely divided state by centrifugal fans, are methods by 
which the super-saturated condition of the air is effected. 


In order to be considered safe, the coal dust should be so 
damp that it sticks together when pressed in the hand. To 
be so damp as this, the dust must contain moisture to the extent 
of at least one-third its own weight. } 


‘The quantity of water that should be introduced into the 
air to nullify the tendency to dry out the mine can be calcu- 
lated as follows: 


Let A = Volume of air calculated, cu. ft. per minute. 
T = Temperature of intake air, degrees Fahr. 
t = Temperature of outlet air, degrees Fahr. 
H = Relative humidity of intake air, per cent. 
h = Relative humidity of outlet air, per cent (nearly always 
close to 90%). 
I = Quantity of water in intake air, gallons per 100,000 


Cit, it. 


126 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Humidifying Mine Air—Continued 


Let R = Quantity of water in return air, gallons per 100,000 
eurtts 


W = Quantity of water to be added to neutralize drying 
tendency of Volume A of air as it warms in passing 
through the mine, gallons per minute. 


Then I is given by table on next page, for temperature T and 
relative humidity H. 


R is given by table on next page, for temperature t and relative 
humidity h. 


And W = (R—I)X(A +100,000) 


= theoretical quantity of water to be added, in gallons 
per minute. Actually this must be increased by at 
least 20% to allow for failure of the air to take up all 
the moisture from the sprayers or jets. 


EXAMPLE—What quantity of water must be added to neutral- 
ize the drying tendency of an air current of 85,000 cu. ft. per 
minute, entering the mine with a temperature of 45° F. and a 
relative humidity of 70%, and leaving with a temperature 
averaging 60° F. and the usual relative humidity of 90%? 


SoLuTion—The conditions give: A=85,000, T=45, t =60, 
H =70, and h=90. The table on next page gives I =4,092 for T 
and'H, and R=8:859 fort and h- 


Then W =(8.859 —4.092) x (85,000 + 100,000) 
=4,767 X0.85 
=4,05195 or 4.05 (nearly) gallons per minute. 


This theoretical must be increased 20% for the actual quan- 
tity of water to be added, which gives 4.05 X 1.20 =4.86 gallons 
per minute, actual. 


Then 4.8660 = 291.6, or 292 nearly, is the quantity of water 
in gallons per hour. 


The extra quantity required to super-saturate the air so as 
to add the desired moisture to the coal dust must be determined 
by trial. 


The power required to circulate the ventilating air can be 
estimated by the use of the ‘‘Horsepower Required in Moving 
Air’’ table on a preceding page. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Water in Moist Air 


127 





Gallons per 100,000 Cubic Feet of Air, at 
Various Temperatures and Per- 


centages of Saturation 





Temperature, 
Degrees Fahr. 


Relative Humidity, Per cent 








Gallons of Water Per 100,000 Cu. Ft. of Air 





YAN) ) Bere Bs 
.266} .399 
.338} = .506 
423} .634 
eye Gee A 


.662} .994 
810} 1.215 
.976| 1.463 
1.169} 1.754 
1.396) 2.094 


1.661) 2.493 
1.969] 2.953 
2.325) 3.488 
2.737| 4.106 
3.211} 4.816 


3.755) 5.633 
4.378] 6.566 


.114 
.149 
195 
se dae 
329 


418 
132 
.675 
846 
1.062 


525 


1.620} 


1,951 
1.338 
2.792 


Sole 
3.937 
4.650 
5.474 
6.422 


7.510 


142 
187 
244 
OLE 
412 


any.9 
.665 
844 
1.057 
1.328 


1.656 
2.026 
2.439 
2.925 
3.490 


4.153 
4.922 
5.813 
6.843 
8.027 


1 
1 
i 


om 
re 
op 
4. 


4, 
5. 
6. 
8. 


.170 
.224 
AK 
.380 
494 


.626 


A9T 


.013 
i 


268 
993 


987 
431 
OT 
507 
187 


984 
906 
976 
ake 


9.388)11.27 
8.755}10.94 |13.13 
5.088} 7.632/10.18 {12.72 |15.26 
5.895) 8.843]11.79 |14.74 |17.69 
6.812)10.22 |13.62 |17.03 |20.44 


2199 
261 
342 
443 
576 


sled 
930 
1.182 
1.480 
1.859 


Dai 
2.836 
SAIS 
4.092 
4.885 


5.814 
6.890 
8.138 


13.14 
15,32 
17.81 
20.63 
23.84 


aoe 
298 
.390 
.506 
.658 


835 
1.063 
1.350 
1.691 
2.124 


2.650 
3.241 
3.902 
4.676 
5.583 


6.045 
7.874 


1230 
.336 
439 
Wy Et 
741 


940 
1,196 
i 
1.903 
2.390 


2.981 
3.646 
4.390 
5.261 
6.281 


7.475 
8.859 


9.301)10.46 
9.580)10.95 
9.632)11.24 


12.84 


15.02 
1754 
20.35 
23,58 
2heaS 


1237 
14.45 


16.90 
19.70 
22.9) 
26.53 
30.65 








128 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Compressed Air Pressures 


Initial pressures required for delivery of air at 80 pounds gauge 
pressure through 1000 feet of clean and straight pipe, at vari- 
ous velocities. 












Welecies 1-in. Pipe 14%-in. Pipe 2-in. Pipe 
of Flow, 
Feet per | Cu. Ft. | Initial 

Second | Free Air| Pressure 


Required | per Min. 





Gulekte Initial Cu. Ft. Initial 
Free Air} Pressure | Free Air| Pressure 
Required | per Min.| Required 



































3.07 23 80.100 
6.14 47 80.400 
9.20 70 80.900 
1X Dil 94 81.600 
15.34 118 82.500 
18.41 141 83.600 
24.54 188 87.200 
30.68 235 90.000 
4-in. Pipe 
3207 88 80.031 
6.14 176 80.124 
9.20 264 80.279 
IAS? AT) 352 80.495 
15.34 440 80.775 
18.41 528 81.116 
24.54 704 81.984 
30.68 880 83.100 
8-in. Pipe 
3.07 353 80.011 
6.14 706 80.044 
9.20 1059 80.099 
122i 1412 80 176 
15.34 1765 80.275 
18.41 2118 80. 336 
24.54 1128 - 81. 2824 80.704 
30.68 1410 82.200 3530 81.100 
10-in. Pipe 14-in. Pipe 
3.07 566 80.009 799 : 1087 80.006 
6.14 1132 80.035 1598 80.027 2174 80.022 
9.20 1698 80.078 2397 80.060 3261 80.050 
WARS) 2264 80.139 3196 80.107 4348 80.088 
15.34 2830 80.218 3995 80.168 5435 80.138 
18.41 3396 80.313 4794 80.241 6522 80.198 
24.54 4528 80.557 6392 80.429 8696 80.352 






30 68 | 5660 80.870 7990 80.670 10870 80.550 





























GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 129 
Properties of Saturated Steam 
(Marks and Davis) 

Pressure Total Heat Weight of 
by Temperature of Steam in Steam, Volume, 
Gauge of Steam, B. T. U. above Pounds Cur Ets 
Lbs. per Degrees, Water at per Cubic per Pound 
Sq’. In Fahr. 32°>Falr. Foot of Steam 
0 2e2 0 1150.4 03:73 26.79 
53 228.0 1156.2 .0498 20.08 
leas 290.3 1163.9 .0728 13.74 
2903 20h 3 1169.4 .0953 10.49 
2540 281.0 1173.6 175 8.51 
45.3 29204 1177.0 .1395 Ted 
Soeo 302.9 1179.8 nA OA 2 6.20 
65.3 312.0 1182.3 . 1829 5.47 
ideo 320.3 1184.4 . 2044 4.89 
85.3 WAAR: 1136.3... peo 4.429 
95.3 530.0 1188.0 24/2 4.047 
105.3 34173 1189.6 . 2683 34.720 
LiseS. 347.4 1191.0 . 2897 3.452 
AS 353;,.1 Fi922 SOLAS A! 
135.33 358.5 1193.4 . 3320 3.012 
145.3 363.6 1194.5 PRAY 2.834 
35). 3 340.7 1195.4 .3738 2.675 
165.3 345.6 1196.4 . 3948 21.939 
W533 350.4 Li9e3 54157 2.406 
fy te 363.4 1199.6 478 2.091 
pak 397.4 1200.9 20) 1.924 
L990 407.9 1202.6 502 1 7ES 
ZLOLS 414.4 1203.6 .624 1.602 
S05 73 423.4 1204.9 .687 1.456 
Pane tn 431.9 1206.1 .750 LeSt2 
355 <0 437.2 1206.8 791 1.264 
Jooro 444.8 1208.0 . 860 17170 
435 .3 456.5 1209.0 .960 1.140 
485.3 467.3 1210.0 1.080 .930 

















130 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Standard Wrought Pipe 


Dimensions, Threads, Areas and Weights 











Diameter, Inches 








x Length 
Num- | Length Contain- 
Actual ber of Internal | ing One} Weight, 
Nom- of Perfect] Area, Square | Pounds 
inal Thrds. |Thread,| Square | Foot of per 
Inside | Outside | Inside per Inches} Inches | Internal} Lineal 
Inch Surface, Foot 
Feet 
14 .405 269 2h .19 .057 |170.388 24 
Yy 540 364] 18 .29 .104 |125.916 42 
3% 0/5 493} 18 .30 .191 | 92.964 ST 
iy 840] +.622) 14 .39 .304 | 73.692 85 
34 1.050 .824] 14 40 033 | 55.620 1.13 
1 Teas 1.049} 11% asi .864 | 43.692 1.68 
14 1.660 1.380] 11% .O4 1490S 350A E228 
1% 1.900 1.610} 11% 255 2.036 | 28.464] 2.71 
Da 22315 2.067} 11% 58 35300 1822104 ae OLS 
2% 2.875 2.469} 8 .89 4.788 | 18.564] 5.79 
3 3.500} 3:068 8 95 13393 (.14:040 i eleon 
314%| 4.000] 3.548] 8 1.00 9.886 | 12.912} 9.11 
4.500} 4.026| 8 1:05) | S12 7302 a1 1570 1 One 
444} 5.000} 4.506] 8 1510°°}).15.947°'\710/16415412,54 
5.500 O47 8 1.16 |,.20:0061".-9.072) 14.61 
6 6.625 6.065 8 1.26 | 28.891 7.548 | 18.97 
7 7.625 7.023 8 1530) 383/38. | 2635 Lod 2554 
8 8.625 7.981 8 1.46 | 50.027 SF 30 | helo 
9 9.625} 8.941 8 TeSiel, 62.. 80 } pst 24 eso 
10 10.750} 10.020] 8 1.68 .|.78:855 12 4.572) 40.438 
11 11,/50 | 11.000 S53 1:78 | 95.033 | 4.1641 45.56 
12 12.750} 12.000} 8 1.88 |113.097 | 3.816] 49.56 
13 14.000] 13.250} 8 209 W137S81 | 633'456.1 54757 
14 15.000} 14.250} 8 2.10 {159.487 3.2161 5857 
15 16.000 | 15.250 8 2.20 |182.656 3.012 | 62.58 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK _ 131 





Extra Strong Wrought Pipe 


Dimensions, Areas and Weights 








Diameter, Inches 








Length Length 

Internal | Containing] Containing] Weight, 
Nom- Actual Area, One Square One Pounds 

ina en eee Ue eC uaAre Foot of Cubic per 
Inside Inches Internal, Foot, Lineal 
Outside | Inside Surface, Feet Foot 

Feet 

4 405 52S .036 | 213.192 | 3966.39 314 
yy .540 U2 072 151,776-4" 2010.29 35 
3% .675 423 .141 | 108.360 | 1024.69 .738 
mo) .840 .546 234 83.940 615.02 1.087 
34 1.050 efA2 433 61.764 395.02 Ts 
1 15315 AS Wi .719 47.892 200.19 DATA 
1144 1.660 1.278 1.283 35.856 112.26 2.996 
1% 1.900 1.500 1.767 30.552 81.49 3.631 
2 2.515 1.939 2.953 23.628 48.77 5.022 
2% 2.875 Done 4.238 19.728 33.98 7.661 
3 3.500} 2.900 6.605 15.804 21.8041 10.252 
34%} 4.000] 3.364 8.888 13.620 161207 612-505 
4,500] 3.826 11.497 11.976 12.53 | 14.983 
4% 5.000} 4.290 14.455 10.680 9.96 | 17.611 
5.563} 4.813). 18.194 9.516 £392" 20778 
6 6.625 5.761 26.067 7.956 Soe Paolo re 
fi 7.625 6.625] 34.472 6.912 4.18 | 38.048 
8 8.625 7.625 | 45.663 6.000 3.15. | 43.388 
9 9.625 8.625| 58.426 5.304 2.46 | 48.728 
10 10.7501) OF 750) 274.662 4.692 1:93} 54:735 
i 11.750| 10.750] 90.763 4.260 1.59 | 60.075 


12 12.750] 11.750} 108.434 3.900 1.33 | 65.415 


Led GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Double Extra Strong Wrought Pipe 


Dimensions, Areas and Weights 





Diameter, Inches 

















Length 
Internal |Containing| Length Weight, 
Nom- Actual Area, One Square! Containing] Pounds 
inal Square Foot of One per 
Inside Inches Internal Cubic Lineal 
Outside | Inside Surface, Foot, Foot 
Feet Feet 
% .840 paps .050 181.884 | 2887.16 1.714 
34 | 1.050 434 .148 105.612 973.40 2.440 
1 315 .599 .282 76.512 511.00 3.659 
114 |] 1.660 .896 .630 51.156 228.38 5.214 
114% | 1.900 1.100 .950 41.664 1512353 6.408 
2 2.315 1.503 1.774 30.492 81.16 9.029 


246 -2.815 71 2.464 25.872 58.46 | 13.695 
3 3.500 | 2.300 4,155 19.992 34.66 | 18.583 
34% | 4.000 | 2:728 5.845 16.800 24.64 | 22.850 
4 4.500 | 3.152 7.803 14.532 18.45 | 27.541 


414} 5.000 | 3.580 | 10.066 12.792 14.31 | 32.530 
5 5.563 | 4.063 | 12.966 11.280 11.2297538:552 
6 6.625 | 4.897 | 18.835 9.360 7.65 | 53.160 
i #1025. 1.5.87 5) 402 #109 7.800 5.31 | 63.079. 
8 


8262504 0.875) Noa 22 6.660 3.88 |. 72.424 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK '33 


Round Cisterns, Tanks, Pipes, Etc. 


Areas and Capacities in U. S. Gallons per Foot of Depth 
for Various Diameters 


































































































2 Gallons Gallons Gallons 
Diam.,}| Area, | per Ft. || Diam.,| Area, | per Ft.|| Diam.,| Area, | per Ft. 
Inches |Sq. Ft.} Depth |/Ft.—In./Sq. Ft.| Depth kel Ft.| Depth 

447) 0003) 0020-12 11.009) 8.00) 11-0 O50). 1 
341 .0008| .0057|| 1-4 | 1.396} 10.44]) 11-6 | 103.9) 777 
160) 4. (67), 13222 
Tes 00141), 01021). 1-8 }2:182! 16.32), 12-0 | 113.1) 346 
54] .0021/] .0159|| 1-10) 2.640) 19.75|| 12-6 | 122.7) 918 
34 | .0031) .0230 13-0 | 132.7) -993 
% | .0042| .0312}; 2-0 | 3.142] 23.50]| 13-6 | 143.1 1071 
2-2 | 3.687| 27.58 

1 .0055| .0408]} 2-4 | 4.276) 31.99|| 14-0 | 153.9] 1152 

114 | .0085} .0638)| 2-6 | 4.909] 36.72]| 14-6 | 165.1] 1235 

114 | .0123)| .0918 2-8 5.585) 41-78 15-01) £70. 7p 1322 

134 | .0167| .1249|} 2-10} 6.305) 47.16|| 15-6 | 188.7] 1412 

2 .0218] .1632]) 3-0 | 7.069} 52.88]) 16-0 | 201.1] 1504 

214 | .0276| .2066 3-3 | 8.296] 62.06|| 16-6 | 213.8] 1600 

21% | .0341| .2550|} 3-6 | 9.620) 71.97|| 17-0 | 227:0) 1698 

234 | .0412} .3085 3-9 111,045) 82.621) 176: ) 240. 5). 1799 

3 .0491| .3672]| 4-0 |12.566| 94.00]) 18-0 | 254.5] 1904 

316 | .0668| .4998]| 4-6 |15.90 |118.97)| 18-6 | 268.8] 2011 

4 0873] .6528|} 5—O |19.63 |146.88]} 19-0 | 283.5] 2121 

41g! .1104| .8263|| 5-6 |23.76 |177.72|| 19-6 | 298.7} 2234 

5 .1364/1.020 6-0 |28.27 |211.51]| 20-0 | 314.2} 2350 

51% | .1650/1.234 6-6 133.18 |248.23|| 20-6 | 330.1] 2469 

6 .1963/1.469 7-0 {38.48 |287.88]| 21-0 | 346.4] 2591 

6146 | .2304|1.724 7-6 144.18 |330.48|| 21-6 | 363.1] 2716 

ri . 2673 |1.999 8-0 |50.27 |376.01|) 22-0 | 380.1] 2844 

71% | .3068|2.295 8-6 156.75 |424.48]| 22-6 | 397.6} 2974 

8 . 3491 }2.611 9-0 |63.62 |475.891) 23-0 | 415.5] 3108 

9 .4418|3.305 9-6 |70.88 |530.24|| 23-6 | 433.7] 3245 
10 -5454/4.080 |) 10-0 178.54 |587.52]| 24-0 | 452.4] 3384 
11 6669 14.937 || 10-6 |86.59 |647.74]| 24-6 | 471.4] 3527 
12 .7854|5.875 25-0 | 490.9) 3672 

1 gallon =231 cu. in. =.13368 cu. ft. =8.32 lbs. water approxi- 


mately. 
1 cu. ft. =6214 lbs. water approximately. 
1 barrel =3114 gallons. 


134 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Comparative Table 


Number of Smaller Pipes 


With the same velocity of flow, the volume delivered by two” 
pipes of different sizes is proportional to the squares of their diam- 
eters. With the same head or pressure, however, the velocity 
is less in the smaller pipe and the volume delivered varies about 








Smaller Pipes, Diameters, Inches 
































Large 
Pipe, 1 | 2 3 4 5 6 | 7 
Diam 
Ins. 
Number to Give Same Capacity as One Large Pipe 
2 SST ALLS oe 
3 1526 24 Ol eae 
4 S20) Soe mat 
5 55.9 9.9 3.6 134 
6 88.2 1526 =e 2.8 lO eee ‘ 
7 130 22.9 8.3 4.1 253 TSP Teese. <. 
8 181 3220 LAs, 5. O22 zat 1.4 
9 243 43.0 15.6 6 4.3 2.8 1.9 
10 316 55.9 DOS 9.9 a7 3.6 2.4 
11 401 70.9 25e7 12.5 i hay 4.6 out 
12 499 88.2 32.0 15.6 8.9 Sar 3.8 
13 609 108 39.1 19.0 | 10.9 deat 4.7 
14 733 130 47.0 22,9 13.1 8.3 Dar 
15 871 154 55.9 21a 15.6 9.9 6.7 
16 bas 181 65.7 32.0% 18.3 biewy 7.9 
17 211 76.4 Siazul selec 13.5 9.2 
18 243 82.2 43.0 | 24.6 15.6 10.6 
20 316 115 292 9>|¢02..0 20.3 13.8 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK _135 





of Pipe Capacities 


Equivalent to One Larger 


as the square root of the 5th power. The table is calculated on 
this basis, the figures in each column showing the number of pipes 
of the size at the head of that column, equivalent in capacity to 
one pipe of the corresponding sizes given in side columns. 





Smaller Pipes, Diameters, Inches 








8 | 9 | 10 | 12 14 16 

















aii = zs Ins. 
Number to Give Same Capacity as One Large Pipe 


nH G bo 


Kolo ch Ton 


136 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Weir Measurement of Water 


When the depth of water flowing over a sill or a weir notch 
is known, the quantity of water passing can be calculated from 
the table below. The method of using the table is illustrated by 
the following example: 

A weir notch is 16 inches wide; the height of the water some 
distance back of the notch at a point where the water is level, 
is observed to be 73% inches above the bottom of the notch or 
weir sill. How many cubic feet of water per minute are flowing 
through this notch? 

The table shows that for a height of 72 inches over the sill, 
water flows at the rate of 8.01 cubic feet per minute per inch of 
width. Since this notch is 16 inches wide, the flow is at the rate 
of 168.01 =128.16 cubic feet per minute. 






































Weir Table 
Flow of Water, Cu. Ft. per Minute per Inch of Width 

Level 

Depth. oa a ee ea eT a 

over Additional Fractions of an Inch Depth 

YY €iR OLB eg 

Inches’ | Taches 

Depth) 4 Y ¥ V4 54 84 % 

0 00 O41 .05 .09 .14 al9 p20 Soe 
1 40 tay 255 . 64 Ad .82 2927 4 302 
2 DUS) eh 25 13S 1 46) 158 AO) et ore 5 
3 POU) 022 Desay 248? OPt ez Gia: OU ean 
4 3¢ 20) 3.35) Be SOF VOVGOr PS 281 3 OT ee 14s 50 
5 4.47) 4.644.814) 4.98) 5.15} 5.331. $7511 5,69 
6 5.87) “G06 Gr 25{ 6. 44)" 6. 62) 6. B2ie FP Oh ere ot 
7 7.40} 7. 60) 7.80) 8.01) 8.21) 8.42)> 8.631)" 8.83 
8 9.051" 9-26, 9747) 29.691 (9. 914-1013" 10735110: 57 
9 10 -SQ/°11".02) Tie 25) 11 AST LAL) £1 S412 87 ae 
10 12.64} 12.88) 13.12). 13.36) 13.60) 13.85) 14.09] 14.34 
he 14.59} 14.84) 15.09) 15.34] 15.59] 15.85) 16.11] 16.36 
12 16.62] 16.88) 17.15) 17.41) 17.67] 17.94] 18.21] 18.47 
13 18.74} 19.01) 19.29) 19.56) 19.84} 20.11] 20.39} 20.67 
14 20,95) 29-25) 21°31) 21801-2203) 2237 227651227 4 
15 23.23} 23.52) 23.82}.24.11] 24:40| 24.70) 25.00] 25.30 








GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


137 





Pounds Pressure—Feet Head 


Of Water 


Equivalents of pounds pressure per square inch in feet head 


of water, and vice versa. 











Feet 
Head 








0 POWNN AKUOMN OPOwWw NPONDA 


rol 


62 
93 
24 


54 


85 
.16 
47 
ed 
Ae) 


Pounds 
per 
AlStely iling 





110 
120 
130 
140 
150 


160 
170 
180 
190 
200 


Pigs) 
250 
21D 
300 
O20 


350 
3t5 
400 
425 
450 


A75 
500 
550 
600 
650 


700 
750 
800 
850 
900 


1000 











Feet 
Head 





25329 
277A 
300.2 
$2325 
346.3 


369.4 
5925 
415.6 
438.9 
461.8 


Re ies) 
SH 1e2 
643.0 
692.7 
750.4 


808.1 
865.9 
922.6 
980.3 
1038 


1096 
1155 
1269 
1385 
1501 


1616 
1752 
1847 
1963 
2078 


2309 


Feet 
Head 





— 
'OoOwonn Ol HE GQ NO 


— 
on 


20 


COD PWWWNH NRE 
aN 
S 





Pounds 
per 
Sq. In. 


Feet 
Head 





140 
150 
160 
170 
180 


190 
200 
225 
250 
245 


300 
O20 
350 
ofS 
400 


425 
450 
475 
500 
550 


600 
650 
700 
750 
800 


850 
900 
950 
1000 
1100 


1200 


Pounds 


per 
Sq. In. 





60.63 
64.96 
69.29 
73.63 
77.96 


82.29 

86.62 

97.45 
108.3 
Lives 


129.9 
140.8 
151.6 
162.4 
PiouZ 


184.0 
194.8 
205.7 
216.5 
2362 


259.8 
281.4 
Chek yee 
324.8 
346.5 


368.1 
389.8 
411.4 
433.1 





476.4 
519.7 











138 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Water Pressure Losses by Friction in 
Iron and. Steel Pipes 


Friction losses in pounds pressure per square inch for each 100 
feet of clean and straight iron pipe at various rates of flow. 


Pipe Size, Inches 





2, 











2% 





3 Palo |s 








LTRS i orton. 0-01 
43,01 26.52 “1.00 
10.0 | 2.44 








22 Aa Dta2 
39.0 | 9.46 
21.20 
3100 





o510|20-47 1 70. 12s. e 
[209 Ay ts 00T 5.0042 ioe 


eo” lis). (el “ai twa! ye 








10 





Pressure Loss in Pounds per Sq. In. per 100 Ft. of Pipe. 


0.69/0.10|0.04]..... 
1.22|0.17) 0.05} 0.02 
1.89|0.26|0.07/0.03 


2.66|0.37/0.09|0.04 
4.73|0.65|0.16)0.06 
7.43/0.96)0.25|0.09 


2.21/10. 53 0.18 


.+.-+{3.88 0.94/0.32 


ee 1.46]0.49 











GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 139 





Water Pressure Losses by Friction in 


Wood Pipes 


Head in Feet of Water Lost per 1,000 Feet of Pipe at 
Various Rates of Flow 











Pipe Size, Inches 

















Rate 
of Flow, == : 
Feet 4 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 30 
per 
Second 

Head in Feet Lost per 1,000 Feet 
1 97 z03 43 26 as att 09 
iS 2 123 .97 61 Al I: 16 
2 4.2 2.4 1.6 me M73 45 29 
ets! 6.5 Bes 240 aL 12 .83 47 
3 9.4 5 me yee! 225 ae) tea! 66 
Sie) 12.6 ace 5a5 3.4 20 16 .89 
4 16.0 V5 fee 4.4 SiO) ra Lt 
4.5 19) 72 a1 9.2 De5 3.8 Lay 1.4 
5 Vos Onk LOC LIS Ow Ay] Bes) 1S 
540 Pia Se Hom toe S 8.1 5.6 4.0 IME 
6 21.4 1.16.0 DG 6.-/ 4.8 idea 
OLD Mee 25% Py Seva ES Daud 5.6 342 
7 LO Reo tt WA Wiebe Wo bo loa 8.8 6.5 Jeet 
fhe) ee Don) oles. thy Lee (as 4.2 
8 Dhied teh eee LO ioe, 4.7 

















140 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Water Pressure Losses by Friction in 


Elbows 


Friction losses in pounds pressure per square inch for each 
elbow, at various rates of flow. 








Pipe Size, Inches 


























Flow, 
Gallons | 1 | 14% | 2 | 2%/| 3 | 4 6 | 8 | 10 
per 
Minute 
Pressure Loss i; Pounds per Sq. In. per Elbow 
10 JO94) F078) 006 OUST fle) 20 aie Be 2 ee eee 
20 3310) 0D ee O25) Od 2p COS ees oh ries, fh anal ees 
30 O45) SI SE O55) 2.023 Oia aos. Se eh cs ek ee 
AQ 11450 |. 27 Biss OOS) 040) S02 ESOC sa ble cae 
202 2.58.1 24S ESS OS ats O32 be DE aint tees ey eae 
75 0) 15: 30} 298 (35. Fleer 072) 2024) A GUShan cee Lee 
LO So ae, Lalo G12 2 128) 043)" 2008 00S ae ne 
ESOS. Me Ae 3.92 11.39 | .685) .286| .096) .019) .006} .003 
LOOSE iis. 6.88: 12.44 af. 281542) 22172) (032) 011) 4 005 
0) YEH e ing he eee 3286 41:91 .¥ 6807422268) S052- O17) 2007 
SOO ta Seeman 5.56 |2.74 |1.14 | .384) .076| .025) .01 
SOU Mie ee auine enema! Slt 1 o8at SoU nLOS. O34 O14 
OO) 2 GG PT he aes 5.12 |2.05 | .688}) .128) .044, .018 
re UP ee ae Ry nia wd ee 6.20 |2.58 | .870| .170) .057|, .023 
DOD eT Aas las ee eee 7.64 {3.20 {1.07 | .208) .068) .028 
750 tale ae LI iaes Arama 2.42 | .470) .156| .063 
LOOG 20s Tesch trod neta Niaa epee ee ACTS he OSole cw, FeL kl o 
E230 SO a ce eae ee cae mere Ho ONE I eso alr 
TS00 oe ee eee 9.68 |1.88°| .624 .252 


























To find the friction head in feet of water, multiply the above 
figures by 2.3 or see table on next page. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 141 





Gallons and Cubic Feet 


1 U.S. gallon = 231 cubic inches =0.13368 cubic feet. 
1 cubic foot =7.4805 U. S. gallons. 





(A) Gallons (A) (B) (A) Gallons (A) (B) 
or Cubic Gallons or Cubic Gallons 
(B) Feet (B) Feet 

Cubic Feet Cubic Feet 
0.1 0.013 0.75 60 8.02 448.8 

2 .027 1.50 70 9.36 523.6 
ae! .040 2.24 80 10.69 598.4 
4 054 2.99 90 12.03 673.2 
. 067 Pa pe 100 1353' 748.0 
6 .080 4.49 200 26.74 1496.1 
a .094 5.24 300 40.10 2244.2 
8 .107 5.98 400 53.47 2992.2 
9 .120 6.73 500 66.84 3740.2 
1.0 134 7.48 
2 267 14.96 600 80.21 4488.3 
3 401 22.44 700 93.58 5236.4 
4 S35 29.92 800 106.94 5984.4 
5 668 37.40 900 120.31 6732.5 
1000 133.68 7480.5 
6 802 44.88 2000 267.36 | 14961.0 
7 .936 S200 3000 401.04 | 22441.6 
8 1.069 59.84 4000 534.72) 1 299221 
9 L203 67.32 5000 668.40 | 37402.6 
10 1.337 74.81 
20 2.674 149.61 6000 802.08 | 44883.1 
30 4.010 224.42 7000 935.761 52363.6 
40 5 o47 299.22 8000 1069.44 | 59844.2 ~ 
50 6.684 374.03 9000 1203.12 -|+6 7324.7 


10000 1336.81 | 74805.2 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


142 











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GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 143 





Capacities of Pumps 


Plunger Displacements per Stroke, in Gallons 


For approximate capacity of any pump per minute, multiply 
capacity per plunger per stroke from table below, by number of 


working strokes per minute for all plungers. 


When pump is new and in good condition, deduct 10% to 


allow for slip, rod displacements, etc. 


When pump is in poor 


condition and piping is old, greater allowances must be made. 





Plunger Size 








Length of Stroke, Inches 





Diam: 


in: 


1% 
2% 


Area, 
Sq. In. 


a | 4 








6 | 





10 | ie, 16 








Theoretical Capacity per Plunger Stroke, Gallons 





Tei 235102051 


3,14 
4.91 


7.07 
One 
L2r St 


15.90 
19.64 
23.76 


aly IA 


041 
.064 


.092 
F125 
na Wa )S) 


a AVY) 
a2.50 
. 309 


367 


30,491 ete 


20227 


ay ie) By 0 ee 


GSO Ain ae 
(evar 5 he lean 


Ese 


153.9 
201.1 
314.2 


.054 
.085 


piZ2 
. 167 
Pao 


igs 
. 340 
411 


a fey .8: Se) ode eens a\6 |e) 0. 6 10 es, be soe el ee 


0.046 
082} 0.109 
SPAS AWA 
.184] .245 
2 DUT 35 
.326| .435 
413} 551 
.510] .680 
POli ae 5235 
.134| .979 
1.000] 1.333 
1.306) 1.741 
1.652] 2.203 
2.040} 2.720 
2.938! 3.917 


57330 
6.960 


+ ee woe we le we oe we lo ee woe 


OLS. ale | even ope 
SUG) OVSO7 teens 
417} .500). 

544} .653} 0.870 
689) .826} t.102 
850} 1.020} 1.360 
1.020) 1.234} 1.646 


6.663} 7.994)10.66 
8.703|10.44 |13.92 


Bie to OU, |LOnG zune Ls LO 


——- -—--< 








144 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Duplex Steam Pumps 


Diagrams for Determining Sizes and Speeds Necessary 
for Various Service Requirements 


The diagrams refer only to duplex, direct-connected steam 
pumps, and assume a pump efficiency of 75%. 


To illustrate the method of using the diagrams the following 
example will serve: 


ExAMPeLE—What should be the dimensions and speed of 
a duplex steam pump to deliver a maximum of 175 gallons of 
water per minute against a-head equal to a pressure of 300 
pounds per square inch, if the available steam pressure is 100 
pounds? 


(A) WATER CYLINDER DIAMETER—Starting at the upper 
left side of Diagram 1, at the point for 175 gallons per minute, 
trace horizontally to the right to the line that curves from 
the upper left to the lower right; thence vertically down to 
the center of the diagram, to find the proper diameter of water 
cylinder—5.5 inches. 


(B) STEAM CYLINDER DIAMETER—Continue thence vertically 
down to the diagonal which represents the ratio of the water 
pressure to the steam pressure. In this example the ratio is 
300 to 100, or 3. From the intersection with this diagonal (3) 
trace horizontally to the right side of the diagram, to find the 
steam cylinder diameter—11 inches. 


(C) SPpEED—From the same intersection with the curved line 
in the upper part of the diagram, horizontally in from the point 
for 175 gallons per minute at the left, trace vertically to the 
diagonal for 300 pounds water pressure; thence horizontally 
to the right side of the diagram, to find the proper speed of 
running—62 r. p. m. 


(D) STROKE—Starting at the left side of Diagram 2, at 
the point for 175 gallons per minute, trace horizontally to 
the right to the diagonal for 5.5-in. diameter of water 
cylinder; thence vertically to the point where a diagonal 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 145 





Duplex Steam Pumps—Continued 


Diagram 1. Diameters of Steam and Water Cylinders, and 
Speeds Necessary for Various Pressures and Volumes. 
























ON [ [oslenten seh pasa © 
bey Weer |PRESSY Ratt 
2 =O Nest P| ode | aod 
Pa Hele Saal so | 4) 507 
(open WRN cio i | tl edo taee lies 
i yl aI Se el a a er | 
ees ee te ey || soul 
; ZAC era Be 0s) cr aaa 
5 eae eae | i 
W) 
Sh AAS ee ee 
SSDP EET thet 
Z| A ae | see. ey! 
2B (ed DR 
D 400 qi Og 
V2 ee ee eo) 
= 600 a) oS | 2 
x pool) /Diamerdm 6° Warde dviteer ||! 
a7 is 4 is le [7 |e [9 fo Weahiso 
Pipe eee SRA The oinaureoe: [es] aoe) e 
SS ees or] ol 
NSSSiose Gaede ales Eee eS 
NNN Scie ea lees rae oa | meee fie eds 
SUNS Gunn eh bo eee al seta on 
SOLS LSI NG 
eigen eerie iron ds 
Sa DS es a Cees See A 
SEG os Read oe oT 
NSS SSS 
Ie a a 
NEC SE Seemed re 
Sa wit 
NEEONS a Nira dos be - 
SEC NC OR os 
FAssumeo Erricienoy NI NI NK [| L 
oF Pump - 75% NG exes ea eon 
“8 INS 244 





146 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Duplex Steam Pumps—Continued 
for 62 r. p. m. would intersect; thence horizontally to the right 
side, to find the stroke—7.2 in. 


Thus the combined use of the two diagrams shows that 
a duplex pump 11 x 514 x 744 in. should be used, at 62 r. p. m. 


If the head is expressed in feet of water, reduce this to pounds” 
per square inch by multiplying the head in feet by .433, or by 
use of the conversion table ‘‘Pounds om ees Head” on 
another page. 


Diagram 2 
Lengths of Stroke Necessary to Give Desired Volume with 
Various Water Cylinder Diameters and at Various 


. Speeds 













est Fs DW 7 2A PY 8 VA Se 
colt TY EA TAT TAT TT A 
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= coo MN ZA et ay 
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tr soc BA NANY A ie 
GANONG Te te 7 
Waco POAT ANE XS he Tyg * 
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9 soot HW AAZ I ANT Neer Tt The & 
L Yh KS ONS NRE nO 
Sek SBE ca 
7 Siena pt 
ay 100 K ve v) 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 147 


Diameters and Speeds 


Rules for Size and Speed Determinations for Pulleys, 


Sheaves, Gears and Sprocket Wheels 


The driving wheel is called the driver, and the receiving wheel 
the driven. 


Diameters must be measured in like units, as inches or feet, for 
both wheels, and speeds must also be in like units, as rotations 
per minute. 


Number of teeth in gears or sprocket wheels may be used in- 
stead of diameters in these calculations, but the substitution, if 
made at all, must be made for both driver and driven. 


1. To determine the diameter of the driver, when the diam- 
eter of the driven and the speeds of both driver and driven are 
given: 


Diameter of driven Xrotations of driven 
——_. = Diameter of driver. 
Rotations of driver 


2. To determine the diameter of the driven, when the diam- 
eter of the driver and the speeds of both driver and driven are 
given: 


Diameter of driver X rotations of driver 
——  ————— = Diameter of driven. 
Rotations of driven 


3. To determine the speed of the driver, when the speed of 
the driven and the diameters of both driver and driven are given: 


Diameter of driven X rotations of driven 
———. ———— = Rotations of driver. 
Diameter of driver 


4. To determine the speed of the driven, when the speed of 
the driver and the diameters of both driver and driven are given: 


Diameter of driver rotations of driver 
SAT hg eae ILS aE ee EEE DERE RELL Rotations of driven, 
Diameter of driven 


148 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Diam. 
In. 


AS7. 
183. 
209% 
PREIS) 
261. 


288. 
314. 
340. 
366. 
392. 


418. 


445. 


471 
497 
523 


576. 
628. 
680. 
5. 
785. 


837. 
890. 
942 
994, 
1047 


1099. 
IEW 
1204. 
1256. 
1309. 


1361. 
1413, 
1466. 
1518. 
15,70; 


1675. 
1780. 
1885. 
1989. 
2094. 


2199, 
203% 
2408. 
253 
2618. 


BONWO ABNKO UNBNO HOARWE 


Linear Speeds of Rotation 


Pulley Rims or Pitch Lines of Gears, etc. 


For intermediate diameters or rotations, or for values outside the limits 
of the table, use proportionate values. 


196. 
2298 
261. 
294, 
327. 


360. 
392. 
425. 
458. 
490. 


Zor 
556. 
589. 
621. 
654. 


120%, 
785. 
850. 
916. 
981. 


8) 1047. 
1)1112 


pO] Lion 


8}1241. 


.2|1309. 


6)1374. 
9/1439. 
241505. 
6}1570. 
0)1636. 


4/1701. 
7|1767. 
1/1832. 
4/1898. 
8}1963. 


5}2094., 
ZI 222 5%. 
0/2356. 
7|2487 . 
4)2618. 


1)2748. 
8}2879. 
6/3010. 
3/3141. 
0}3272. 


Rotations per Minute 


Linear Speed, Feet per Minute 


3| 235.6] 274. 
1) 274.9) 320. 
8] 314.2] 366. 
5} 353.4] 412. 
2| 392.7) 458. 
0} 432.0} 504. 
7| 471.2) 549. 
4\PS10N 5) 599" 
1} 549.8) 641. 
8| 589.0] 687. 
6| 628.3] 733. 
3] 667.6] 778. 
O| 706.8] 824. 
7| 746.1) 870. 
5} 785.4] 916. 
0} 864.0/1007. 
4] 942.5/1099. 
8)1021.0)1191. 
3/1099 .6/1282. 
7}1178 1/1374. 
2|1256.6/1466. 
-6|/1335 22/1557 . 
1/1413.7}1649. 
0/1487 .3]1738. 
0/1570.8}1832. 
4]1649 .3}1924., 
O17 27 2920057, 
3|1806.4}2107. 
8/1885 .0]/2199. 
211963 .5}2290. 
7|2042 ,0) 2382. 
1}2120 6/2474, 
6|2199 .1)2565. 
O}2277-.7) 2657. 
5|2356 ,.2]2748. 
4}2513 .3|2932. 
3/2670 .4)3115. 
2)2827 .4]3298. 
1)2984 .5)/3481. 
0)3141 .6) 3665. 
9/3298 .7/3848 . 
8}3455 .8}4031. 
7/3612 .8) 4215. 
6|3769 .9] 4398 
513927 .0|4581 


. 2/5020. 


.5|5236 


392 


1243 


1832 


2482 


BIONM CRPBRAO NWOURO BPOUWO ANouD 


3796 


MEIN ORONO ACNUAT CWADH 


1309. 


1439. 
1570. 
1701. 


1963. 


2094, 
2225) 
2356. 


2618. 


2748, 
2879, 
3010. 
3141. 
3272. 


3403. 
3534. 
3665. 


3927. 


4188. 
4450. 
4712. 
4974. 
9236. 


5497. 
Bloor. 
6021. 
6283. 
.0} 6545. 


CONRAD CONRAD CHNWR UANIHOO OCRPNWR UWAWOO OUNRUIN UWORO UOR 


aif 
458.1 
23m 
589. 
654. 


720. 
USS. 
850. 
916. 
981. 


1047. 
1112. 
1178. 


471. 
549. 
628. 
706. 
USS. 


863. 
942. 
1021 
1099. 
1178. 


1256. 
1335. 
1413. 
1492. 
1570.0 


ihe 
1885. 
2042. 
2199, 
25908 


ZIAST 
2670. 
28208 
2974. 
3141. 


3298. 
3455. 
3612. 
3769. 
3927 


4084. 
4241, 
4398. 
4555. 
4712. 


5026. 
5340. 
5654. 
5969. 
6283. 


6597. 
6911. 
1229. 
7539. 
7854. 


2) 
8 
3 
8 
4 
9 
5 
0 
6 
1 
6 
2 
7 
3 
8 


9 
0 
0 
1 
2 
3 
4 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
8 
9 
0 
1 
2 
2 
3 
4 
5 
7 
9 
0 
2 
3 
5 
7 
8 
0 


549. 
641. 
Ue. 
824. 
916. 


1007. 
1099, 
1191. 
1282. 
1374. 


1466. 
NGS 
1649. 
1741. 
1832. 


2015. 
2199. 
2382. 
2565 
2748. 


2932. 
ofa hee 
3298. 
3477. 
3665. 


3848. 
4031. 
4215. 
4398. 
4581. 


4764. 
4948. 
oT, 
5314. 
5497. 


5864, 
6230. 
6597. 
6963. 
7330. 


7696. 
8063. 
8430. 
8796. 
9163. 


w 
x 
n 
Ke) 


OmrmwWU ATOOM NUWOR CURD CROUO ANUIWHO PYIONU BWEBRAOG NNWOW 


100 | 125 | 150 | 175 | 200 | 250 | 300 | 350 | 400 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 149 


Horsepower of Shafting 
1. Headshafts 


Headshafts are those which receive or deliver power in rela- 
tively large units, as in jackshafts or the receiving-pulley sec- 
tions of lineshafts, where bearings may be placed close, to re- 
lieve the shaft of the bending action due to the tension of belts 
or ropes and the weight of pulleys, sheaves, etc. 


Horsepower = cube of diameter in inches Xspeed in rotations 
per minute+125. 


Shaft SPEED, ROTATIONS PER MINUTE 


Diameter, 


inches 100 | 125 450 | 475 200 | 250 | 300 | 400 


—_——. ———— 

















256 V8 218)10.2 121273151423 1916-4.) 2015 | 24. St) (3227 
2% | 11.6] 14.5) 17.4} 20.3 | 23.2 | 29.0 | 34.8} 46.4 
2G elas [SLO 4 0233: (82 70213 738.8 | 46: O62 e1 
256 | 20.3; 25.4] 30.4) 35.5} 40.6] 50.7 | 60.8] 81.1 
33% | 25.9) 32.4) 38.9 | 45.3) 51.8) 64.8) 77.7 |104 
3% | 32.5 | 40.6} 48.8] 56.9 | 65.0} 81.3 | 97.5 }130 
3% | 40.1] 50.1 | 60.2 | 70.2 | 80.2100 {120 {160 
Seg ets, SOLES IOS. S RES. SOT. Al 22) 1A e195 
AE Woo. tla. too. POS: PITL Fe Mae Vili One 1235 
47% | 69.9] 87.4 ]105 |122 [140 |175 {210 {280 
4 | 82.4103 |124 |144 |165 |206 |247 |330 
456 | 96.3|120 {144 {169 {193 |241 {289 4385 


150 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Horsepower of Shafting 
2. Lineshafts 


Supported by Bearings every 8 to 10 Feet 


Lineshafts are those from which power in relatively small 
units is delivered at various intervals, in various directions, 
from pulleys not always close to bearings. 


Horsepower =cube of diameter in inches X speed in rotations 
per minute +90. 


Shaft SPEED, ROTATIONS PER MINUTE 
Diameter, 


F 
Inches «| 390°.) 2128 (1. 4s0' 4:4475 4) ¢200 #9s0 woe: T a00 























13¢ | 1.86] 2.33] 2.79] 3.26] 3.72] 4.65] 5.58] 7.44 
17 | 3.30] 4.13] 4.95] 5.78] 6.60] 8.25] 9.90] 13.2 
146 | 5.341 6.67] 8.01] 9.34] 10.7 | 13.3 | 16.0 | 21.4 
15¢ | 8.08] 10.1 | 12.1 | 14.1 | 16.2 | 20.2 | 24.2 | 32.3 
234 | 11.6 | 14.5 | 17.4 | 20.4 | 23.3 | 29.1 | 34.9 | 46.5 
0% 146 A 120144724 (10128: 2, 19322 A021 asian od 4 
2i, | 21.6 | 27.0 | 32.4 | 37.7 | 43.1 | 53.9 | 64.7 | 86.3 
25% | 28.2 |35.2 | 42.2 | 49.3 | 56.3 | 70.4 | 84.5 |113 
33% | 36.0 | 45.0 | 54.0 | 63.0 | 72.0 | 90.0 |108 {143 
3% | 45.1 | 56.4 | 67.7! 79.0 | 90.3 |113 {135 181 
3% | 55.7 | 69.6 | 83.6] 97.5 |111 |139 |167 1223 
3% 167.8 | 84.8 |102 |119 |136 |170 (203 1271 
434 181.6 |102 |122 |143 |163 |204 {245 1326 
47% 197.1 |121 {146 |170 |194 {242 |201 1388 


4% |114 (143 |172 {200 |229 |286 |343 {458 
456 1134 |167 (201 (234 |267 |334 |401 [534 


536 155 [194 |233 |271 (310 |388 |465 4621 
5% 179. 1223 1268. 1313 35s 5 4a S36. re 
5% (204 (256 {307 {358 |409 {515 |617 {822 
6 |233 |291 {349 1408 |466 {583 |699 {931 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 151 








Horsepower of Shafting 
3. Transmission Shafts 
Supported by bearings every 10 to 12 feet 


Transmission shafts are those which, carried in regularly 
spaced bearings and simply transmitting power, are subject to 
no bending stresses due to receipt or delivery of power at inter- 
mediate points. 


Horsepower =cube of diameter in inches speed in rotations 
per minute+60. 


Shaft SPEED, ROTATIONS PER MINUTE 
Diameter, 
Inches 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 400 











13% 2.79| 3.49] 4.19] 4.88] 5.58] 6.98] 8.37] 11.2 
1% 4.95} 6.19} 7.43) 8.66} 9.90) 12.4 | 14.9 | 19.8 
20.0 | 24.0 | 32.0 

5 


16 .1.88.01).1020 112.07) 14,.05).16.0 

ep igo oe) 18202162 | 24-9" 3073 | 36. 42)748: 
2% i lse | 21 ory 2002 13070 [64.9 | 43,671 5255 19909 
2% | 24.1 | 30.2 | 36.2 | 42.2 | 48.3 | 60.4 | 72.4 | 96.6 
26 | 32.4 | 40.4 | 48.5 | 56.6 | 64.7 | 80.9 | 97.4 |129 
256 | 42.2 | 52.8 | 63.4 | 73.9 | 84.5 {106 {127 |169 
336 | 54.0 | 67.5 | 81.0 | 94.5 {108 {135 |162 [216 


31% 176.7 195.9 1114 1133 (152° 1191 4229' 1306 
3 183.6 104 (125 1146 |167 |209 1251 [334 
38% 102 |127 (153 1178 |203 (254.1305 1407 


43¢ {122 (153 |184 |214 |245 |306 |367 [490 
4% {146 |182 |218 |255. |291 |364 |437 1/582 
Alle j172 *-(215: (256 (300, (343° (429 {515 (687 
AbQ 120155 1251) -1308 (351% 1401 ,|502) (602) -1802 


53@ (233 |291 |349 [|407 |465 |582 |698 |931 
5% |268 |335 |402 |469 |536 |670 {804 |...... 
Sie 1307 oe foso8 11400 61537) 2/613) 1767181920) cece. 
6 349 |439 {528 (618 {708 {887 iy aoe 


Poe GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Horsepower of Leather Belting 
Single Belts 
Single Belt 1 Inch Wide Gives 1 H. P. at 800 Ft. per Min. 




















Belt Belt Width, Inches 
Speed, il SSA SD Go at a FS 
Feet per 
Minute $) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 
GOO 27403 2 40°) 4273 7 516 1 6:41 fe (es, 
90091 “S267 4P 7 859817214 28 23*{ 9955 "| 10764 11-8 
1200 .4)/,.457: 15 653.) 7.95] @924-011.0 112.65) 4 e2eiseg 
150077 5.871 7.68 |) 9271 1166013. 6a 155 enone 
1800:3),.6.9° |..9 03.) 1175201379.1.16 32) |.18.05 120.8 12381 
21004 725.110 7 1S eS ete S 18: 6) 21-8) | 23.91 2686 
24001} 9.021 42-0515 al Sela 2a te a ely ese 
210051 9 9° | 13.2.1 1626 P1909") 25 27265 bose oO 
3000 1510 'S9) M4e4 TS Is OTe OSS ae Ss 91s) oom. 
3300 1474 55-11 O23 3 1 27 2 to Late oe 9a ome 
3600) (61225.1/16.56 11.200.85/22409 3 QO S302. 3 74a Ale 
4200° (213.8 4-18 7421923 02726-13232 736.8414, 1 40.0 
4800 °] 14. 7-1 19.62] 24.57] 29.491 :34.3:| 39.0%) 44.1 149.0 
540041. 15.32) 20540).25 54 30.6935. 7 1|- 4028 45 0 5150 
6000: | 15.3.7 20.4 725.5 1 30.6) 35.7 | 40.89 45.9 195170 
Belt Belt Width, Inches 
Speed, card se Sat 
Feet per 
Minute 11 iy 14 16 18 20 22 24 
G00 s! -S ihe lt Oost aL Palelae seeds 15.9] 17.4). 19.0 
900 | 13.0 ] 14.2 | 16.6 | 18.9 | 21.3 | 23.6} 26.0) 28.4 
120081 17.301 48-99) 220071 2502" D8e3e) eSliral N34 Gio ee 
1500.1 21.03 °| 23:3"| 2i¢7 | Sde0-l 3409 (| 238. Shed ia GS 
1800 | 25.3: | 2727 132.3'| 36.9) 41.5 |246.2) 250. Sim5523 
2A00 |: 2952) VOAOs Sia 2 | B20 4 eS el Oo. mo etme ee 
2400 |. 33.33 4 3624 | 422) | A820 542 1 60.2] Bar sienie oe 
210051 36.4 | 3927 ||: 46. | 5229.) S9r6 1260.2) ez cle one 
3000-13957 | 4323 195071 | Si47 05008 B72) 2h a7 os eo: G 
3300:-| 42° 7 | 46:5) 54.2. 162119) 6920 12972.6) SS8i Sieeae! 
3600 | 45.7 | 49.8 | 58.2 | 66.4 | 74.7 | 83.0] 91.3] 99.6 
4200 | 50.6 }°5552° } 64.4 17326 13228 |7-92<0) T0f 2111084 
4800 | 53.9 | 58.8 | 68.6 | 78.4 | 88.2 | 98.0] 107.8] 117.6 
5400 | 5631 | 61.2 171.4 |'81401)9158 | 10220) 11222) F224 
6000 |-56.1 | 61.2 | 71.4 | 81.6 | 91.8 | 102.0) 112.2) 122.4 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 153 





Horsepower of Leather Belting 
Double Belts 


Double Belt 1 Inch Wide gives 1 H. P. at 560 Ft. per Min. 








Belt Speed, Belt Width, Inches 
Feet per |_—A 
piroutes |G 7 Blt o “ito. 2p} t4elcie! | 18 Hoe 
600 SP O25 161020 Qe? ISIS 8 OlNL67sl 19.0) Qi 7 24 4) 2721 
900 12.2] 14.2] 16.2] 18.2] 20.3] 24.3] 28.4) 32.4] 36.5] 40.5 
1200 1602 PEUSRS edo 426.90 B26) otal 4oekl 48251953709 
1500 1958:192372 1 20.51) 29781.33.1139).71 46.41 53..0f 59), 61) 66.52 
1800 23.7) 27.6} 31.6] 35.5] 39.5] 47.4] 55.3] 63.2] 71.1] 79.0 
2100 27.4) 31.9} 36.5] 41.0] 45.6] 54.7] 63.8] 72.9} 82.0] 91.1 
2400 31.0] 36.1] 41.3] 46.4] 51.6] 61.9] 72.2] 82.5] 92.8]103.1 
2700 34.0] 39.7] 45.3] 51.0] 56.7] 68.0] 79.3} 90.7]102 .0]113.3 
3000 37.2) 43.3] 49.5] 55.7] 61.9] 74.3] 86.6] 99.0]111.41123.8 
3300 39.9] 46.6] 53.2] 59.9] 66.5] 79.8] 93.1/106.4/119.7]133.1 
3600 42.8] 49.9] 57.0] 64.1] 71.3) 85.5] 99.8]114.0]128.3]142 .5 
4200 47.4) 55.3] 63.2] 71.0] 78.9] 94.7)110.5]126.3)142 .1]157 .9 
4800 50.4] 58.8] 67.2} 75.6] 84.0]100.8]117 .6)134. 4/151 .2/168.0 
5400 52.2} 61.2! 69.9] 78.6] 87.4]104.81122 .3]139.8]157 .3|174.7 
6000 52.4] 61.2] 69.9] 78.6] 87.4]104.81122 ,3]139.8]157 .3]174.7 
Belt Speed, Belt Width, Inches 
Feet per 
Minute 


22 24 26 28 30 32 36 40 44 48 








600 29.9} 32.6] 35.3] 38.0] 40.7] 43.4] 48.9] 54.3) 59.7) 65.1 
900 44.6] 48.6] 52.7] 56.7] 60.7} 64.8) 72.9] 81.0) 89.1} 97.2 
1200 59.2] 64.6] 70.0] 75.4) 80.8] 86.2} 96.9]107 .7/118.5]129 .2 
1500 72.8} 79.5] 86.1] 92.7] 99.3]106 .0]119 .2)132 .4]145 . 71158 .9 
1800 86.9] 94.8|102.7}110.4)118 .5]126.4)142 .1/157 .9]173 ,7|189 .6 
2100 100 .2}109 .3]118.5]127 .6]136.7]145 .8]164 .0]182 .2}200.5)218.7 
2400 113 .4)123.7]134.1]144.4]154.7]165 .0]185 .6|206 .2]226.9]247 .5 
2700 124.7|136.0/147 .3|158.7]170.0)181 .3}204 .0]/226 .6|249 .3]272 .0 
3000 136.1148 .5}160.9 4173 .31185 .6)198 .0}212 .81237 .5}262 .3]287 .0 
3300 146 .4}159.7|173 .0]186.3}199 .6|242 .9)/239 .5|266.11292 .71319 .3 
3600 156.8171 .01185 .3]199 5/213 .8]228 .0}256.5]285 .0/313 .5|342 .0 
4200 173.7 1189 .5|205 .2]221 .0}236.8|252 .6}284 .2]315 .8)347 .3|378 .9 
4800 184.8 |201 .6}218 .4}235 .2|252 .0}/268 .8/302 . 41336 .0}369 .6/403 .2 
5400 192 .2]209 .7|227 .2|244 .6)262 .1/279 .6}314.5)349 .5|384.4|419 .4 
6000 192 .2|209 .7]227 .2|244 61262 .1)279 .6|314.5]349 .5|384.4|419 4 


154 | GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Principal Dimensions for Spur Gears 





k— Pitch Diameter — | 
i patede Diameter 


eae 





Pitch, or diametral pitch = No. of teeth + pitch diameter in inches. 
=No. of teeth+2)+outside diameter 
in inches. : 
Pitch diameter = No. of teeth +diametral pitch. 
= Outside diameter — (2 +diametral pitch). 
Outside diameter = (No. of teeth-+2) +diametral pitch. 
= Pitch diameter+(2+diametral pitch). 
No. of teeth = pitch diameter x diametral pitch. 
= Outside diameter x (diametral pitch —2). 
Pitch circumference = pitch diameter x 3.1416. 
Circular pitch* = pitch circumference + No. of teeth. 
= 3.1416 +diametral pitch. 
Thickness of tooth* =circular pitch +2. 
= 1.57 +diametral pitch. 
Clearance = thickness of tooth +10 =.157 +diametral pitch. 
Addendum = 1 +diametral pitch. 
Working depth of tooth =2 +diametral pitch. 
Whole depth of tooth =2.157 +diametral pitch. 
For cast iron gears with cut teeth, the width of face is generally 
from 8 to 10 diametral pitch. 


*Measured on the pitch circle. 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 159 





Toothed Gearing 
Pitch Diameters for 1-Inch Circular Pitch 
For any other pitch, multiply by that pitch 
Num-] Pitch |} Num-] Pitch |] Num-} Pitch |} Num-] Pitch |} Num-}| Pitch 
ber |Diam-|| ber |Diam-]} ber |Diam-j} ber |Diam-]} ber | Diam- 


of eter, of eter, of eter, of eter, of eter, 
Teeth] Inches Teeth Inches Teeth Inches Teeth|Inches|} Teeth] Inches 

















FITS OU S20, Veeco 46 bo Colle SOnls 835i 71 122200 
12. }-3..82}} 27) 8.002 42.113..37 te 57.118 14)). 72 (22.92 
13 | 4.14)) 28] 8.91}} 43 |13.69]} 58 |18.46]| 73 [23.24 
14 | 4.46)| 29 | 9.23}]} 44 |14.00)] 59 |18.78]| 74 123.56 
15 | 4.78]| 30} 9.55]] 45 |14.33]} 60 |19.10]| 75 [23.88 
16 | 5.09]] 31 | 9.87|]| 46 |14.67]] 61 |19.42]| 76 124.19 
17 | 5.41]/ 32 |10.19}} 47 |14.96]| 62 |19.74]] 77 {24.51 
18 | 5.73}) 33 |10.-50]] 48 ]15.28]] 63 |20.06]} 78 |24.83 
19 | 6.05}} 34 |10.82]] 49 |15.60]] 64 |20.37]| 79 {25.15 
20 | 6.37]| 35 }11.14)| 50 |15.92]| 65 |20.69}} 80 |25.47 
21 | 6.69]| 36 j11.46)) 51 |16.24]} 66 |21.01]] 81 |25.79 
22 APeCOON BOF TILE TS Soe 1162 So RO NIL. 33h 82126710 
23 | 7.32]; 38 |12.10]] 53 |16.87]] 68 |21.65|| 83 |26.42 
24 | 7.64]| 39 ]12.42]| 54 |17.19}] 69 |21.97]| 84 |26.74 
2 Nee Olt A 40) T25 FSP SS dol he 670-122. 281), . 85. 2706 


Diametral and Circular Pitch 
Equivalents 


Diametral Pitch is the number of teeth per inch of 
pitch diameter 


Dia- | Circular Dia- } Circular Dia- | Circular Dia- | Circular 
metral]} Pitch, metral| Pitch, metral}| Pitch, ||metral | Pitch, 
_Pitch Inches Pitch Inches Pitch Inches Pitch Inches 




















4 | 6.2832]| 214 | 1.2566 8 .3927 20 gore 

34 | 4.1888]| 234 | 1.1424 9 .3491 Pa .1428 
1 3.1416]| 3 1:0472}} 10 .3142 24 . 1309 
114el 275133114356 .8976|| 11 .2856 26 . 1208 
1% | 2.0944}) 4 .7854|| 12 .2618 28 a 
[40 le lOSo ues .6283}| 14 2244 30 .1047 
2 1.5708}} 6 .5236|| 16 . 1963 a2 .0982 
Daa tHE SOG err .4488}} 18 .1745 36 .0873 


156 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Horsepower of Cast Iron Gears 
Spur Gears with Molded Teeth 


For gears larger than given, take double the horsepower of 
a gear of half the size. 
Proportionate horsepowers for other speeds and for other face 


widths, within the limits of usual practice. 


For miter and bevel iron gears, multiply tabular horsepowers 
by 0.7. For gears of cast steel, multiply by 2). 


Circular Pitch, Inches 






































Ratio 34 | i% | 1 1% |1% 134 2 2% 3 
of Face Width, Inches 
ees iia | Peete 4 5 | 6 | eer ek 
Horsepower per 100 R. P. M. 
10 O42 OTS 41s salen 4.7| S41) Si S22751-40-5 
11 > 104 ian, Seba ONO R12. dap len Si SG 
12 55rd 1 LO NaC OP 350) S 7 Gal eiscone 20) aor 
13 1624, bel vely Rew see 641) 1025) 905. OpOn ses? a7 
14 SO Ls tied SMEG 6.61 el LastetOs Bese 5|a5648 
15 a P22 Ose Sore ea el Zallels Sigs oe Ol OUR 
16 ty 1G als 25 ese 9 7.6} 12.9] 18.4] 36.0] 64.9 
iY sh LAW? 22142 8.0] 13.7] 19.6] 38.3] 68.9 
18 1G. Ll is0. A ee ae eee 8.5) 14.5]-207 71,4025) 7229 
19 Oral A. OSes er eae, 0-01 915 33) rode a2 es) ise 
20% Oa 1 6s 220 7649 o 5181631) 2550 45.0 81.0 
24 Oe Sie? 2S alee 0.9] 16.9] 24.2) 47.3) 84.1 
22 170 1.87172 027524 10 4b ee Sra 4G a5) a0et 
Zo 1:0 (51.9 } 32.0 7)"°S 274 21038) 18. 51226551 S128 322 
24 Lif 220 tsi) 2529 i 24) 2192 st 2 0 os oar: 
25 Lat {e220 N23 93 POC T elie St 120.ctt Zoos. a5 Ovo Ose 
26 Peal 2k do AMT OSE [0 1222) 320.91 29-9158 10523 
D4 12.2122 1035. 115626 Tele aH ti 31a t 60ers UD as 
28 162182 537 1938 7 169 P1522) P22 olson 2057 lL lone 
29 Lodele2e4 he SaSol 7 s1 a St3e 7! 423241. 3324 665 Siliies 
30 123 4234 e300. TRS PET 094) S467. 5 lode 
31 154 42255) 421 157.6 3101461225. 01°35. 71469 8/1255 
19451426. O81 na) tl od at 8 8 .6 
Wao tey | ary OR RN | tes) 6 .0 .6 
155) 28 3eh 425 ee .0 4 sub .6 
1 Spe 284 AsO Al eae a) 2 oe me 


157 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Horsepower of Cast Iron Gears 


Continued 


Circular Pitch, Inches 








N 














Number 


Face Width, Inches 


of 














Horsepower per 100 R. P. M. 


Sas USS Oe Le 


ANH HO 


ernienewerey fren: te 


i Oe Thee Thee) 


ee Git «Masi, ers 


Coon AN 
OOsHON 
O mmr oO 
esos est ct 
MMNoOOM 
NtHOD 
ANDAAS 

— 
moO SH Or 
~OACx 
SHH HIN WD 
ODWOoOHN 
9 6D SHINO 
om 09 09 09 0D 
SQ CONI~N 
ANnNnCOrx 
AMIN NN 
aM OO4 
ocoooc~s 
ess St ost 
HINO OOD 


a ea at a's 


2 
S 
3 
4 
4 


CT eo i oe 3 


CP are cer) 


O} 52 
8} 54 
6] 55 
4) 56 
OY 


RBINNM MY 
NNNNN 
9.0 CO OM 
Sun NN 
Ss oon aoe oe oe! 


5 
2 
6 
6 
7 


6/114 
8}117 


ree een. Ceeanry 


1} 58 
Oo 
7| 60 


0} 41 
5] 41 
O} 42 


5| 24 
8} 24 


2 
12 


Mm OOARD 
OOtON 
NOOO H 
ANAAA 
Omn0o © 
wOr~onn 
NN MO 
Sse ce 
HOMmOO 
HINOr~D 
O00 0 0 
MAM ING 
IN 1 \O & & 
HoH <H Ht <H 
HCO oD COM 
\O \O hr ~~ 0O 
NANANN 
oOMmMIN CO 


13 
14 
14 
14 
14 


ee el ee 


oeoxnan 
m~MAMNHAM 
HIN ND oO~ 
NANAN 
MmINOOM 
~AadtHOo 
oD 0D SH SH SH 
wesw 
moO HOM 
OoOnmNnmwm st 
ee a ee 
—aAAMmMIN SY 
ANO=AN 
sH SHIN LN WH 
~Nr~wO 
DANRDOS 
NANO HY 
Om 0 © 
IQ 119 1 O 
wesw es 








6.0 











Thickness, Inches 
Seat 2.01525 





With Fillet 
Pounds per Lineal Foot 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 
Weights of Steel Angles 











158 


+O oNw Ce Ree = on 
HO Orn oO conn 0 00 


tH Oo 


maIN 
woe 


TN 
Aon 


oe 
OnX 


ENO 1 
nro 


on 
\Oo ‘Oo 
nN a 
sH n 


ret et et 


Ooo 


mANN 
~ooO 


nro 
set NN 


DAMN 


N st Oo 
Seen linen! 


7) 00 


m= NH 
St ot = 


nom 


NAmN 
ma 


N 
Cc - 


NN 





mic 
ox 


No 
On 


“eS 
CON 


sti 
mo 


of <H 
Ns 
—_—ert 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 15? 





Weights of Round and Square Iron 


1j-inch steel plate weighs approximately 10 pounds per 
square foot 

The weight of all rolled steel, in pounds per running foot, is © 

approximately 314 times the sectional area in square inches 








Weight, Pounds per Weight, Pounds per 
Lineal Foot Lineal Foot 
Size wie. =) wee ee eee Size, 
Inches Inches 
e@ | @ a 
Round Square Round Square 
3% .094 .120 2% 12.06 15.35 
7 .167 #213 2% 13.52 Li e22 
56 .261 Lee 23% 153,07 19.18 
36 .376 .478 
; 2% 16.69 Lis25 
1% 7oL1 5651 25% 18.40 23.43 
% .668 .850 234 20.20 25.71 
% .845 1.076 2% 2207 28.10 
56 1.043 12326 
3 24.03 30.60 
Ie 1.262 1.607 34 28.20 35.92 
34 £502 15913 3% S274 41.65 
Be 1.763 2.245 334 37.56 47 82 
1% 2.044 2.603 
4 ABS 54.40 
156 2.347 2.989 Aly 48.24 61.41 
1 2.670 3.400 414 54.07 68.85 
1% 3.014 3.838 434 60.25 76.71 
1% 3.379 4.303 
66.76 85.00 
13% 3.766 4.795 54 73.60 03212 
1144 arAaS re ro) We 5% 80.77 102.80 
15% 4.600 SEoo 4 534 88.29 112.4 
13% 5.049 6.428 
6 96,14 122.4 
1% 5.518 7.026 6% 112.8 143.6 
1% 6.008 7.650 7 130.9 166.6 
1% 6.520 8.301 16 1150.2 191.3 
154 7.051 8.978 
8 171.0 21 ie 
134 8.178 10.41 8% 193.0 245.6 
1% 9.388 11.95 10 267.0 - | 340.0 
Zz 10.68 13.60 12 384.6 489 .6 





160 


AX AA 


H WW W ® bo bo dO LO el ell os 
AAG 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Weights of Flat Steel 


Pounds per Linear Foot 
Weight Basis—489.6 Pounds per Cubic Foot 





~—ININIO NANuMN wn > W W ® bo bo NO BO dO 


Thickness, Inches 





= 


— 
© \0-0CO 0o WIATOA Wn on o> He WW Wh NNR 





108 





30. 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 161 





Weights of Iron and Steel 
Pounds Per Square Foot 
U. S. Standard Gauges—% Inch and Less 


mhisinese Weight per Square 


Foot, Pounds 


. 


So 
3 0 
aa of an Inch 





Decimals | Iron 


0000) .40625 |16 
000} .375 15 
00} .34375 13 
Of 53125 112 
e26125: 111% 

2hae 205020110: 
Slf225 10. 

A) .234375] 9. 

Sp A2t8i5-} 8 

OF. 2031251.8 

fh aks ti 

8| .171875] 6 

Die oO2zastk 0. 
10} .140625} 5 
dahes425 5 
12} .109375| 4 
3 


Tt. 0937S 


Steel 


Se 





WOHu UWN~TI~ICO CO 


3 Weight per Square 
Thickness Foot, Pounds 








= 5 Decimals Iron | Steel 
& '7,| of an Inch 
£4 078125. 13.125 = 13. 1875 
£5)7 207031292127 6125) 12..860875 
16} .0625 2c 2:55 
17| .05625 220 2eoS 
i fae BA) Pe 2.04 
19 MrO4 325 Ars ta [teres 
20) .0375 1750 Ls 
21) 2034375. {1.3/5 |1'.4025 
AA oles pra 1 2is 
WH U2 Doge Ll Sho SD 
24) .025 Es 1.02 
ZA UL LOT} .865 .8925 
26) .01875 vi 765 
2) OL PLS TDs OSs aul 210 leo 
28} .015625 025 10373 
29) 20140625 1. 56254)- S7345 
SOI GO125 ae nod 
31} .010985 .4375 | .44625 
32} .01045625} .40625) .414375 
33! .009375 ote ole 


Fractions of an Inch—Over 1 Inch Thick 


Thickness, Inches 

Frac- Decimal 

tion ‘Sica 
%% | .5625 
54 | .625 
ie | 6875 
yk ees 
Be | 8125 
i 875 
ise | 9375 








Weight per ’ Weight per 
Square Foot, Thickness, Inches Square Foot, 
Pounds Pounds 
Tron *| Steel Frac- | Decimal Iron Steel 
ee Se [tare aie sat a eg on UES Se eee 
2293 Doe aties ol leo 45, 46 
25.26 26. HIER Wd Re 50. ale 
27.79 Bee Slia dog | 21.375 ast 56.1 
30 53'1 aig te beh sS 60.63 61.2 
322841) 3525) 126 + 1.625 65.68 60.3 
Sas 36. fe LS 70.73 TA 
37.89 Sons on Br 75. 1005 
40.42 4t. 2 wit 80.83 81.6 








162 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 
Weights of Materials 
Pounds, Avoirdupois 
Earths and Minerals 
Cu. Ft Cu. Ft 
Asohaltwum: ..cateecce satel Sis Gneiss# Common ase tree 163 
Basal traerrcccmtros ste casa 181 Gneiss, Loose Piles......... 96 
Chalk. aeieciteser: tated aete 156 Granite ;oolid an. 7 ata 170 
Clay Potters Dry. eee -119 Gravelie Sh ssa ee 117 
GlayADrysing um pee eee: 63 Gypsum, Ground, Loose..... 56 
Coal, Anthracite, Broken.... 54 Gypsum in Irregular Lumps. 82 
Coal, Anthracite, Shaken.... 58 Gypsum, Shaken =. eee 64 
Coal, Anthracite, Solid...... 93 Hornblendes.. -a ee eee 203 
Coal, Bituminous, Broken... 50 Lamestones biled=eyeqean ieee 96 
Coal, Bituminous, Slacked... 52 LAMestone yoollda nasa: 168 
Coal, Bituminous, Solid..... 84 Petroletin. 2. eee 54.8 
Coal, Gannel ee aaron eee 79 Potphytvere essa oe 170 
Goaly lignitet- secant 52 Quartz, Ground Loose...... 90 
Earth, Common Loam, Dry, Ouarfts, Shaken) s.n.aeereee 105 
IZOOSELE- ee recat tit nee 76 Ouartz; Solids. ae 165 
Earth, Common Loam, Dry, Sand, Coarse. -o soe ie 1147 
Shaken sess Oe ee 87 Sand, Fine. 3 je a eee 100 
Earth, Common Loam, Moist Sandstone s Elled iene n ee 86 
TG OSERis Ries. ce cee. cua nere 67 Sandstone, SOlidmene an Hoy oh OE 151 
Earth, Common Loam, Moist Shites: # he ha eee 175 
Shaken see. auton 82 Sulphtutean. pee ere 125 
Earth, Common Loam, as CT Uri 3 he toc. aed eo ee D5 
Mud. 42. Roe her eee 108 
Feldsparoivm. .tsce oo ee ae 166 
Woods 
Cu. Ft Cu. Ft 
Ashes Dampers aan acme ee 43 Maple. Dry#e nooo 49 
Ashes, Dry. Ale Ge ee OS Oak (Red to ee ae 38 
Boxwood, Dry. te RR rao fg 60 OakeWihiteten. 5 ace Mane ane 48 
Cherry, Dry Pg ee A Pat ee ota 42 Pine Whitela owed ee 25 
Chestnut, Drvzeiee nee eee 41 Pine, Yellow, Northern...... 34 
Corkis.2.,. 3: See oe 15.6 Pine, Yellow, Southern...... 45 
Ebony. Dry ace eee 76.1 Spruce, (LVS ele ee eee 25 
IDI bonerl Di Algae Sie WRAY hy GENS G'S 35 SyVCaimoLew Diymes teas 37 
Hemlock) (Dry in tee 25 Walnut, Black, Dry. 38 
Hickory. DLV eee ree 53 Green Timbers weigh ‘from % to 
ion, Vitae scr taoneune ec 83 44 more than dry; ordinarily 
IManosanver Livewire 53 seasoned, about % more. 
Miscellaneous Products 
Cu. Ft. Cu. Ft 
Acid PACCtICUL Eee this eee 66.4 ROSIfie soe ee ee 69 
ACIGUEMUnlaticn erste areas 75 Rubbers entice teats 58 
AMGIGL Aha ERKSs os hace Ss 11552 Salts Goarsenar. see tame 45 
Cement.) 29ek fe ee ore ae 100 Saltiebines oe SARE iet oD 
Concrete, Stone or Gravel. ..145 Snow, Fresh Fallen......... 12 
Glassy Window2= eee aee. 157 Snows acked=. >. eee eee 50 
Gunpowder, Loosen ease. 56.1 Ua tito tans esas Pe 100 
Gunpowder, Shaken......... 62.4 FPallowitdete seer acs cee ciers 58.6 
ICATC Sette ae Cee ee. 59.3 AES OA Seni peaterare PERK, BOC OMSERA. oo 62.4 
Lime, Ground, Loose........ 53 Turpentine?2\.4 nae ee 54.3 
ime, Ouick, Solder aeierae 95 Vine Gates: cite. fae ee ee 67.4 
Lime, Ground) Shaken. 22,.. 70 Waters Purelet.. acini ee 62.5 
IM of tar "or eats ee ee ae 103 Water, Sea. 3 fo.) cee ee 64.1 
Oisiinseede ete ee 58.6 Wines itn itt ea eee eee 62.3 


Pitch Jed coerce 710 











GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 163 
Boiling Temperatures 
At Atmospheric Pressure 
Degrees Fahrenheit and Centigrade 
Fahr. | Cent. Fahr. | Cent. 
Degrees} Degrees Degrees| Degrees 
ATM OMA cere oe 140 60 INTETIGeACIG aaerienels 248 120 
Wood Alcohol..... 150 66 Turpentine... se leo Lo 139 
Grain Alcohol..... 173 79 Phosphorus....... 554 Qe 
Benzineseacoer oe 176 80 Sulplilts eee 570 281 
Water. mata goer 212 100 Sulphuric Acid....| 590 292 
SeauWwatersoc ye 213 101 Linseed) Oily 597 296 
Saturated Brine...| 226 108 Mercury. feo. e. . 676 340 


Specific Gravities and Properties of Metals 


Metal 


Aluminum 
Antimony 
Arsenic 


Cobalt 


Iron, cast 
Iron, wrought 
Lead 
Magnesium 
Manganese..... 


Mercury (60°F) ae 


Molybdenum 
Nickel 
Platinum, rolled 
Platinum, wire 


Tin 


Tungsten 
Vanadium 
Zinc, cast 
Zinc, rolled 


ww (vile: ele el el er aue: 


sie we © ene) © (00%, 6) 


ew see. © eerie a6 16 


or Come! Ty CeCe Oe tiers 


© [68 (p, ot el. ile! (eV l= 


Bie p fel: © ee; Sled cum 6 


| 
Weight | Weight 


Melting Point | Electric 


Specific] per per ie Gon-= 
Gravity] Cubic }| Cubic duct- 
Inch, Foot, Deg. Deg ivity, 

Pounds} Pounds F. ( Silver 

100 

anes 2.56 | 0.0900} 155.6 1213 657 63.00 
axe 6.71 0.2440] 421.6 1150 621 3.59 
sae 5.60 | 0.2080) 359.4 1562 S50 sine ee 
ake 3.75 | 0.1354] 234.0 1560 848 | 30.61 
nat 9.80 | 0.3538] 611.5 507 264 1.40 
rie 2.60 | 0.0939] 162.4 3992 2200 S18 wee 
eRe 8.40 | 0.3030} 524.1 1859 LOLS> |e ee 
ahye SES5 TONSIL O55 2702 1652 OOo Nee tar 
aan 8.60 | 0.3105) 536.6 610 321 24.38 
ore 1252 20-0567)" 298),.0 1450 T8839 e2he we 
Al 6.507 (022347) 405:.6 2740 1505 16.00 
ane 8.65 | 0.3123) 539.8 2700 1482 16.93 
mye 8.82 | 0.3184} 550.4 1949 1065 | 97.67 
wet 190325 OL O97 5120556 1947 1064 | 76.71 
...| 22.42 | 0.8094/1399.0 4100 2260 Siew 
Pie, 7.20 | 0.2600) 449.2 2300 T2008 eee ae 
Ser 7.85 | 0.2834] 489.8 2900 1593 16.80 
eed ie sie Ora tos 70975 621 S27 8.42 
eae 1.74 | 0.0626) 108.6 1200 648 | 39.44 
; 7.42 | 0.2679] 463.0 2200 1205 15.75 
...| 13.58 | 0.4902] 847.4 —39 —39 iat 
eae 8.56 | 0.3090] 534.2 4500 2482 17.60 
Ao 8.80 | 0.3177} 549.1 2600 1426 |} 12.89 
Peete Ore On f980I37829 3200 1760 | 14.43 
eet OA On 505131050 3200 1760 | 14.43 
v9 0.87 | 0.0314) 54.3 144 62 19.62 
Selon ot Ons802InOorn | 1751 955 {100.00 
ae, 0.98 | 0.0354} 61.1 200 93 | 31.98 
Phe 7.80 | 0.2816} 486.7 2507 1375 12.00 
eeleOn2 5an022256).39070 840 448 0.001 
& ie 7.29 \ 0.2632| 454.8 446 230 | 14.39 
a, Sepa Ont2 7 Sin 22009) 3360 1848 | 13.73 
ool td. HE AW OSOT AS MARS 7 5400 2982 14.00 
Beet 5.50 | 0.1986) 343.2 3200 1760 4.95 
sf! 6.86 | 0.2476) 448.1 785 418 | 29.57 
Br es LS 0.2581| 446.1 785 418 29.57 


164 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Wood Posts and Beams 


When used as posts, columns or struts, in lengths not exceed- 
ing 12 feet, timber of usual kinds will safely carry, with a factor 
of 5, unit loads as follows: 


Hemlock “a ccs: eamus 500 pounds per square inch 
la ees ea enn, ores ania * 60 . & a « 
Yellow sine: ; Werk ee 800 is «“ «“ « 
W iitecPine.. etn 500 - & « « 


For beams or girders the safe load can be determined from 
the following relation, using yellow pine as the standard: 


Let W=Breaking load in pounds (uniformly distributed). 
B=Breadth of beam in inches. 
D= Depth of beam in inches. 
L= Distance between supports in inches. 


Then W =9000 XB X D?+L. 


This gives the ultimate or breaking load, and should be 
divided by a factor of safety, depending on the conditions: 


3 or 4 for roofs or floors. 
5 or 6 for suddenly applied loads. 


Since the equation above applies to yellow pine, the breaking 
load for other kinds of wood must be derived by taking: 


0.6 W for hemlock, or white pine. 
0.8 x W for oak. 


To obtain the net load, the weight of the beam itself must 
first be deducted from the breaking load, as follows: 


25 pounds per cubic foot for hemlock. 
50 “ “ & “ 


“ oak. 
30 . . Se ee white pine, 
30 Bale ‘ Cee  S vellow pine: 


Beams will carry only half as much load concentrated at the 
middle as evenly distributed. Hence for concentrated loads, 
make calculation as above and take one-half the net uniformly 
distributed load as the proper concentrated load. 


EXAMPLE.—Loose bituminous coal, weighing 50 pounds per 
cubic foot, is to be stored in an overhead bunker 12 feet wide and 
60 feet long, and the maximum depth of the coal is to be 10 feet. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 165 


Wood Posts and Beams—Continued 


How close should the floor joists be spaced if they are of 3 & 14-in. 
yellow pine? If 6-in. square yellow pine posts are to support the 
structure, how many will be required? 


JOISTS—For the joists, B=3, D=14, L=144. 


Then for the breaking load 
W =9000 X3 X14 K14+ 144 
= 36,700 pounds. 


And safe load, with factor of 4 
= 36,700 +4 
=9,175 pounds. 


Weight of each joist 
=cubic feet X35 
= (314+ 144) x12 «35 
= 122.5, or 125 pounds nearly. 


Net allowable load per joist 
=9:175——125 
=9,050 pounds. 


Maximum weight of coal in bunker 
=12 60x10 X50 
= 360,000 pounds. 


Number of joists required 
= 360,000 + 9,050 
= 39.78, or 40 joists. 


Spacing of joists on centers 


eal Ot. OF 18, i> 
POSTS—Maximum weight of coal.......... .. 360,000 pounds 
Approximate weight of bunker......... 90,000 =* 
Total weight to be supported......410,000 “ 


Safe load for a 6-in. yellow pine post 
=6 x6 800 
= 28,800 pounds. 


Number of such posts required 
= 410,000 + 28,800 
= 14.23, or 15 posts. 


Actually, 16 or more posts would likely be used. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


166 


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GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 167 


Brick and Brickwork 


The term brick as generally interpreted refers to blocks 
made from clay, or sand and lime. The latter were made al- 
most exclusively in Germany until a few years ago when a few 
plants in this country were equipped to manufacture them. 

Clay brick may be broadly classified, according to the service 
for which they are to be used, as common, face, fire and paving 
brick. 

Fire bricks are usually white or white and brown mixed. 
They are used for lining chimneys, fire places and furnaces. 

Paving bricks are very hard and are much more expensive 
than common brick. 

The size of clay bricks varies with the locality and the maker, 
there being no legal standard of size in this country. Common 
bricks vary in size from 734"x334"x214" in the eastern to 8144"x 
41¢"x21" in the western part of the U.S. They average about 
416 lbs. in weight; pressed bricks about 5 to 51% lbs. 

The strength of common brick varies with locality and man- 
ufacturer, a fair average crushing strength is usually taken as 
700 lb. per square inch. In figuring piers and abutments a factor 
of safety of at least 10 should be used, giving a~ safe working 
stress of about 5 tons per square foot. To illustrate the strength 
in a general way it may be stated that a brick wall could be 
built over 800 ft. high before the bottom courses would show 
signs of crushing from the weight of the brick alone. This is 
based on the assumption that the weight of the brick is roughly 

20 lb. per cubic foot. 

Failure of brick walls is rarely due to the crushing of the bottom 
courses of either brick or mortar, but rather to the breaking 
down of the bond. It is very important to use a good bond and 
to see that all joints are well filled with mortar or grout. 

The following table is applicable to all brick work for estimat- 


ing purposes, regardless of the size of the bricks, which is taken 
into account in pricing: 








ihickness ob Walle inches.3.. 7,207.0. 8-9 12-13 | 16-17 


No. of Bricks per Sq. Ft. of Wall 
GUTTACe at eens a oe ye Be, 15 22% 30 


Add 7¥% bricks per square foot for each additional 4 to 414” 
of wall thickness. 


168 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





; Concrete _ 

The quality of concrete depends on a great variety of things 
and it is impossible to state definitely the characteristics of 
any particular mixture. The strength, soundness and endurance 
of concrete vary with the kind of material, quality of water, 
method and thoroughness of mixing, temperature, and time 
allowed for setting. 


The best results have been obtained, in numerous tests and 
in practice, by using clean, angular stone of varying size, with 
clean sand and pure water, all thoroughly mixed and allowed 
to set ata moderate or warm temperature. 


STRENGTH—Concrete is brittle and weak in tension. Its 
tensile strength does not warrant serious consideration and is 
usually expresseed as a percentage of its compressive strength. 
Greater importance is placed upon the strength of the mortar 
than upon the amount of stone used. Mr. Edwin Thatcher has 
developed data which give the crushing strength of 12-in. cubes 
of plain concrete of various mixtures. It cannot be stated, 
however, that similar mixtures will always show similar results, 
even though great care is exercised in having conditions the 
same. The figures of the table, therefore, can be used only as 
an approximation. 


Ultimate Compressive Strength of 12-in.Cubes of Concrete 





: Age 
iakiro 7 Days | 1 Month | 3 Months | 6 Months 
Compressive Strength, Pounds per Sq. In. 
Hale? 1600 2750 3360 4300 
bce 1500 oso 3130 4000 
goes 1400 2400° 2900 3700 
Le2 OS 1300 2225 2670 3400 
1Gseeo 1200 2050 2440 3100 
174553 1000 1700 1980 2500 


QUALITY OF WATER—Too little consideration is usually 
given to the kind of water used in mixing concrete, when in 
reality it is a matter of first importance. Some authorities 
state that the water should be suitable for drinking purposes. 
It should be practically free from vegetable matter, oils, acids 
and alkali. Small quantities of these impurities are not harmful. 

Vegetable matter may be detected by floating particles, tur- 
bidity, or by chemical analysis. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 169 


Concrete—Continued 


Oils may be detected by the well known iridescent surface. 

Acids or alkalis are easily detected by the use of litmus paper, 
which may be purchased at any chemists. If the water turns 
blue paper red, it is an indication of the presence of acid in the 
water. If the blue paper remains blue after being dipped, the 
water may be neutral,or alkaline. If red paper turns blue after 
being dipped, it is an indication of the presence of alkali. Slow 
and gradual changes of color may be ignored but rapid changes 
indicate that the impurities referred to are present in dangerous 
quantities. 


MIXING—Due to the importance of mixing of concrete the 
best means should be used. Machine mixing is far superior to 
hand mixing and the latter should not be considered except for 
very small quantities. Machine mixing gives that thorough 
incorporation or mixing of ingredients, so essential for good con- 
crete, 

The almost universal tendency in practice is to under-mix 
rather than to over-mix, as on almost every job the element of 
time is so important that there is temptation to sacrifice the 
quality of the finished product by cutting the time allowed for 
mixing. Better results would be obtained if the tendency were 
the other way. No harm could be done to the concrete by 
mixing as long as thirty minutes with a machine mixer. 

Machine mixers are of four classes; Drum, Trough, Gravity 
and Pneumatic. 

In the drum type, the mixing is done by agitation, lifting, 
and pouring, which is accomplished by blades and scoops. 

The trough type is a paddle mixer and may be either ‘‘batch”’ 
or “‘continuous.”’ 

The gravity mixer usually consists of a series of funnels or 
pans, pouring one into the other. 

There are two principal types of Pneumatic mixers. In one, 
premixing, either mechanically or by agitation of air pressure, 
occurs before delivery. In the other, the charge is introduced 
into a chamber and discharged through a pipe under pressure. 
The mixing occurs in the pipe. This type has its own field of 
operation and is adaptable to conditions where access to the 
forms is difficult. An air compressor is required for each mixer. 


170 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Concrete—Continued 


HAND MIXING—Where necessary to mix by hand, the 
stone, sand and cement should be turned three times as an abso- 
lute minimum before adding water. With the water added, the 
material should be turned at least three times to give proper 
and thorough mixing of the ingredients. 

Setting of concrete occurs much more rapidly and the load 
may be applied sooner in hot weather than in cool or cold. 
The time required for setting varies with the class of the structure 
and of the concrete itself. Under ordinary conditions the initial 
set should occur within three to four hours after placing. The 
load should not be applied, however, in less than seven days or 
until the concrete is thoroughly set. 

Hot weather evaporates the water rapidly and causes rapid 
setting of the concrete. Cold weather has the opposite effects. ° 

Natural cement mortar or concrete placed in freezing weather 
is nearly always of no value and must be replaced by new. With 
Portland cement, however, freezing merely suspends setting 
and hardening of the mortar while frozen. Loss of strength 
under these conditions may therefore be due simply to delay 
in setting. At any rate it is impossible to determine the real 
quality (strength) of the concrete until the frost is out of it. 

Various methods are used to prevent concrete from freezing 
before the initial set occurs, as freezing will have little effect 
after initial set. The usual method is to heat the stone, sand 
and water before mixing and to cover the concrete when placed, 
with a tarpaulin or cement sacks. A mixing compound may also 
be used. The cheapest and perhaps the most common method 
is by the addition of salt to the water. A safe maximum is a 
10 per cent solution (12 pounds salt per barrel of cement), 
which lowers the freezing point 17° F. and does not impair the 
strength of the concrete. Larger percentages appear to weaken 
it. Each 1 per cent of salt added to the water lowers the 
freezing point approximately 1.5° F. 

Naturally, any protection against freezing is expensive and 
somewhat uncertain. Hence the placing of concrete in freezing 
weather should be avoided whenever possible. A pretty safe 
rule to follow is that thin work should not be done at lower than 
28° F. on a rising temperature, or at lower than 32° F.on a falling 
temperature, 


For 32° F., dissolve 1 lb. salt in 18 gal. water. Add 3 oz. 
salt for each 1° below 32° F. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 171 





Concrete Mixtures 


Material Required for 1 Cu. Yd. of Concrete 


Sand: 1.41 tons=1 cu. yd. Stone: 1.2 tons=1 cu. yd. 


























Stone 21% in. pe ere 
- and Smaller; and Smaller; Gravel 34 
ae Dust Screened Small Stone in. and 
Out Screened Out Smaller 
hy f f t | 
= Ole a aa 
Sf) 52/ sh | SE) 52] se] St] oa] se] etl oa] s3 
S| sh | 8” | Sa | ge | 86 | 34 | 86 | 86 | Sa | ge | Be 
Ose ie PO 4 tae aes tick oe LO eae be 
4 PO vie2eOr v2 035) 250 96] 2.72) .58 | 1.00] 2.30) .49 89 
1 TOMS. On e241 Ole | eteO7Viee A Lee 2. eke il 221.01 es45 96 
1 AOR mOMON moe Ofme4 on aioe lope? 110m tier Cte lOO leee lore les 
1 PrOvIS 5) ie88i e241 ZOISIE SS |e te eee Oled a tier. 2 1.09 
1 ile i) Bas 1 ee CU) aoe 964 2.16] .69 98] 1.83) .59 87 
1 1S el eS On ete OOlr 6 lint O41 STOO O49 | O07 Pal 7 Tio 94 
1 i |) Sebeg) al eeeh eres dp abe Pa roy Reyes ay al Sak) ai Syl See At SE ere) 
1 TSS Ose OL Ole es decie 10.041 er S40 le Olin 4. Ole 4iial ol OG 
mth? 0.43.0 (eles a t5ht 1ic05is 148i 76 |h> 197) 1.54) 06 88 
1 2E0 Weston te lnol|s 2690) 12 O2K8 1 66l eal | OG las4 48762 92 
1 20st Opies Se O4 tele OSt lose OO! leita ela s4teeas 97 
1 De Onan eles SOO ee lel eta Stee 1.18] 1.26} .54 } 1.03 
1 220 eo Ore leOl soon ele Sia oo. On ean layed clo OF 
1 QS eS ror (ke 8) iee19 195 fee ol ee Se BO 71S 1532 eek 84 
1 DES ee OM eieoS eee eh LeOlt 1042197 G ete O41 81241566 90 
1 OP See wont ale 2 OO Oona COlst Sse ar) [iteOOl sive lOle.O2 96 
1 2 NOs ieee oom alent tin le 26lenoOS Wels LOLs ded ONO 01a OO 
1 QE SAG ec On tm te Od leo |e Le Onn 1 Oli 5.0 p dae 4. 9S aoe | 107 
1 3 Orne OMe olin 94) 1.32) .85 .96) 1.15) .73 87 
1 SEO eon pele? Ole is OSin1 240. SO) (02k t Oot eet 90 
1 BE Oo or On tele 4 ere ee O41 ali7 in Ov led O7 Pel OSI. 94 
1 3.0 | 6.0 | 1.02] .66 | 1.12] 1.02) .68 | 1.16 OD OORT Or 
1 3.0: 17-20 OF eS Oe les 494 |S elae2'6 84) .54 ] 1.07 
1 SRO OO. Le teOd me OO [98i-1..111 7.83 102 96) msl 91 
1 32 5al-6:.0 OV eee I ACOWA PER SCOLO) |S 7S he ak all 88} .65 96 
1 SOs eiO 89| .66 | 1.14 SOM. AOR Yb al ais) SOMO Le e102 
1 32m POLO RSA catoyih Wy ae ean ROL MOA. |e deeZo (ei) Sky Va Gy 
1 4.0 | 6.0 92 AS 1.01 95 82 1.04 MeN HPA 92 
1 AP Ome ce lees (2, 1.08 .87 sy I) ab 77| .66 97 
1 4.0] 8.0 TS sOon led tel 4: OOO eden s 71] .61 | 1.03 
1 47,0) 1.950 Wo\e.O2 [et 22 pre Oat] kae25 O50 5601) P07 


NZ GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Comparison of Thermometer Scales 


1. Centigrade to Fahrenheit 
F=[(9XC)+5]+32° 


F=Fahrenheit degrees C=Centigrade degrees 
| 






WATER BOILS 
100— 


{ 











Equiv- Equiv- | Equiv- 
De- alent De- alent ‘| De- alent 
grees |Degrees|| grees |Degrees|| grees | Degrees 
Centi-| Fahren-!|| Centi-| Fahren-|| Centi-| Fahren- 
grade heit grade heit grade heit 


90 














peak 276 21h ast 87.8 71°. | 159.8 
200 \==328. Ol 32 89.6 73 116016 
—100 |—148.0|| 33 91.4 73,1 164.4 
AN 1 AOL OI 34 93.2 TA N65. 
80d t= 2B Ole 835 95.0 75 1 167.0 
OD hee ON 36 96.8 76 | 168.8 
TT 5 RN 37 98.6 77 2170.6 
40 2 ae 140! 138 1510054 73S lt79 44 
aS 73.01 189 2 1022 7M tae? 
0 32.0|| 40 | 104.0 80 | 176.0 

pa 4 33.8|| 41 | 105.8 82 91 179-6 
2 35.6|| 42 | 107.6 84° | 183.2 

3 37.4]; 43 | 109.4 86 | 186.8 

4 30221 44d 1911.9 88 | 190.4 

5 41.0|} 45 | 113.0 90 | 194.0 

6 43.3 460r.| 44408 92 | 197.6 

7 44.6|| 47 | 116.6 94 | 201.2 

8 46.4|| 48 | 118.4 96 | 204.8 

9 48.2|| 49 | 120.2 98 | 208.4 
10 50.0|| 50 | 122.0 || 100 | 212.0 
11 54.81] 54> | 12328" |h.210: "1 230.0 
12 53.6|| .52 -| 125.6 || 120 (|\248.0 
13 55 abe 53 (14197 401) 1300 t 966.0 
14 57.2|| 54 | 129.2 || 140 | 284.0 
15 59.0!| 55 | 131.0 || 150 | 302.0 
16 60.8|/| 56 | 132.8 || 160 | 320.0 
17 62.6|| 57 | 134.6 || 170 | 338.0 
18 64.4|| 58 | 136.4 || 180 | 356.0 
19 66.2|| 59 | 138.2 || 190 | 374.0 
20 68.0|| 60 | 140.0 || 200 | 392.0 
21 69.8|| 61 | 141.8 || 300 | 572.0 
22 71,.6|| 62 | 143.6 || 400 | 752.0 
23 73.41; +63 ~11145.4 1.500. |, 932.0 
24 ZS. Diol Gh f L47ED ih G00. 412.0 
25 | 77.0|| 65 | 149.0 || 700 {1292.0 
26 78.8]! 66 | 150.8 || 800 1472.0 
27 80.6|| 67 | 152.6 |!1000 [1832.0 
28 82.4|| 68 | 154.4 ||2000 |3632.0 
29 84.2]| 69 | 156.2 113000 [5432.0 
30 86.0]| 70 158.0 |/4000 7232.0 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK __ 173 





Comparison of Thermometer Scales 


2. Fahrenheit to Centigrade 
C=5X(F—32°) +9 





























C =Centigrade degrees. F =Fahrenheit degrees. 

Equiva- Equiv- Eqiuv- Equiv- Equiv- 

De- alent De- | alent De- | alent De- | alent De- | alent 
grees De- grees| De- grees | De- grees | De- grees | De- 
Fah- grees || Fah-; grees || Fah- | grees Fah- | grees || Fah- | grees 
ren- Centi- || ren- | Centi-}| ren- | Centi-|] ren- | Centi-]} ren | Centi- 
heit grade heit | grade heit | grade || heit | grade |} heit | grade 
—479 .2|—273 36 Da) 58s 81 DTD I260105202 dia L402 
—400.0;—240 Sif 2.8 S25 2s WAY | Rik ts 17D 77.8 
—300 —166.7 38 3.3 yey all Pes) 12S 5S3 33 173 78.3 
—200 —111.1 39 3.9 84 | 28.9 12991 5349 174 78.9 
100 — 55.6 40 4.4 85 | 29.4 130 | 54.4 tae 79.4 
— 40 — 40.0 41 5,0 86 | 30.0 kop Le al Pods, 176 80.0 
— 30 — 34.4 42 5.6 87 | 30.5 132 | 855;.6 177 80.6 
— 20 — 28.9 43 6.1 SSeS 1 £33 195670 178 Sit 
— 10 — 23.3 44 Gren SO eh OT 134.1 °56.7 179 81.7 
0 — 17.8 45 aD 901° 3272 TS Smet ae 180 ole 2 
1 — 17.2 46 7.8 91 32.8 136 195728 182 83.3 
2 oes 47 Seo OZone 137 | 3S8e3 184 84.4 
3 — 16.1 48 8.9 937)| 3329 L383 Fe5S79 186 85.6 
4 15.6 49 9.4 94 | 34.4 139 | 59.4 188 86.7 
5 19h 0 50 | 10.0 954) 35.0 140 | 60.0 190 87.8 
6 — 14.4 51 10.6 96 | 35.6 141 | 60.6 192 88.9 
7 — 13.9 52 11.1 OF Mino Ge 1 142 Oiet 194 90.0 

8 — 13.3 53 a 98 | 36.7 TAS A617 196 91.1 
9 — 12.8 §4 | 12.2 COR SS ieee, 144 | 62.2 198 2 
10 — 12.2 SS alas 10081 3728 145 | 62.8 200 93.53 
11 — 11.7 Som 1323 101 | 38.3 146 | 63.3 202 94.4 
12 — 11.1 od) 13.9 TO2M\Rooao 147 | 63.9 204 95.6 
13 — 10.6 58 | 14.4 103 | 39.4 148 | 64.4 206 96.7 
14 |— 10.0 59° 1° 15.0 104 | 40.0 149 | 65.0 208 97.8 
15 | O41 00 SSO 105 | 40.6 150 | 65.6 210 98.9 
16 — 8.9 61 16.1 106 | 41.1 1516621 212 | 100.0 
17 — 8.3 62 16.7 107 | 41.7 152 | 66.7 220 | 104.4 
18 — 7.8 G3ai) dies 108 7| 4232 153 |°67.2 230 | 110.0 
19 — 7.2 64 | 17.8 109 | 42.8 154 | 67.8 240 | 115.6 
20 — 6.7 65 | 18.3 PLORIEAS 23 1555186845 250 L2ie 
PA — 6.1 66 | 18.9 fii +| 43:.9 156 | 68.9 300 | 148.9 
22 — 5.6 Of IeLO ROS 112 | 44.4 157 | 69.4 400 | 204.4 
23 — 5.0 68 | 20.0 113 | 45.0 158 | 70.0 500 | 260.0 
24 |— 4.4 69 | 20.5 114 | 45.6 159 | 70.6 600 | 315.6 
25 — 3.9 TOw 2 ted Se eA oe LOO Nia 700 | 371.1 
26 —— ae Oo Ce NPA oe 116 | 46.7 ECO Wan (6a ST 800 | 426.7 
OH | — 2.8 BLT NeD2e2 Ee || Ere Oy 162 Te, 900 | 482.2 
28 — 2.2 LS Wee 11489) 47.8 LOS at 25.5 1000 | 537.8 
29 — 1.7 Chee Neds teres} 119 | 48.3 164 | 73.3 2000 |1093.3 
30 — 1.1 Ties ee Tes) 120 | 48.9 TOSPlyis ae. 3000 |1648.9 
ail — me) 76 | 24.4 121 | 49.4 166 | 74.4 4000 |2204.4 
ae 0.0 TiN 25.0 122 50.0 167 75.0 5000 |2760.0 
33 aS Torte 29.0 12 Saale OO 168 | 75.6 6000 |3315.5 
34 ca! 79 | 26.1 124 i) Si ut 169 | 76.1 7000 {3871.1 
$38) ted 80 | 26.7 12 Sa Sey LOA 1657 8000 '4426.6 





174 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Decimals of a Foot, in Inches and 


Decimals 
If common fractions of inches are wanted, convert the frac- 
tional parts of inches in this table by use of table on following 
page. : 














Foot Inches Foot Inches Foot Inches 

0.01 0.12 0.36 4.32 Oss 8.52 
02 24 37 4.44 r72 8.64 
03 .36 38 4.56 273 8.76 
04 48 39 4.68 74 8.88 
05 6 40 4.8 iS) 9. 
06 ae 41 4.92 .76 9.12 
07 84 42 5.04 tie 9.24 
08 .96 43 Se Lo .78 9.36 
09 .08 44 5.28 .79 9.48 
10 Md 45 5.4 .80 9.6 
ad T3532 46 S252 81 9.72 
"12 1.44 AZT 5.64 Pow 9.84 
nis 1256 48 5.710 .83 9.96 
.14 1.68 .49 5.88 . 84 10.08 
ALS 1.8 .50 Ok .85 10.2 
.16 102 Fal 12 86 10732 
aig 2.04 #52 6.24 87 10.44 
.18 2.10 ¥53 6.36 88 10.56 
.19 228 .54 6.48 89 10.68 
220 2.4 peas) 6.6 90 10.8 
Pad Drape BOO 6,72 91 10.92 
aoe 2.64 RSF 6.84 .92 11.04 
e206 2.76 .58 6.96 .93 11.16 
24 2.88 .59 7.08 .94 11426 
25 ae .60 Taz 95 11.4 
. 26 oaake rol (Ow) .96 11e 52 
27 3.24 .62 7.44 97 11.64 
HAs 3.36 <63 756 .98 T1576 
.29 3.48 .64 7.68 .99 11.88 
. 30 3F0 765 7.8 1.00 Lips 
On Fo vg pi .66 192 

.o2 3.84 .67 8.04 

ato! 3.96 .68 &.16 

34 4.08 .69 8.28 

.35 4.2 70 8.4 








GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK Wd 
Decima! Equivalents of Common 
Binary Fractions 
—By 64ths— 
Common Fraction Decimal Common Fraction Decimal 
dz| 0.015625 3) 0.515625 
he ee 031 25 276@ as] 6253125 
&| .046875 a5) 546875 
ae -|  .0625 AN “| .5625 
16° 16 
é;| .078125 at] 578125 
fart pre 09375 Loe en ita s0a7s 
" a 109375 » 39 609375 
Siena: 2 CRORE CuCRRORS . Sos é : 
&| .140625 41! 640625 
pores 15625 pre eae 65625 
at 171875 i 43 671825 
zy es iL, ‘| 6875 
16° 16 
43) 203125 45) 703125 
as elses 21875 By oo era 
r 1s 234375 " at 734375 
Ane « é : Avs : : 
At) 265625 49| 765625 
eet |) 28125 Le cd) iis 
19 296875 b 51) 796875 
5 cen Tie 43 ol peametge 
Gia 16 
21) 328125 53) 898125 
ee 34375 are et |) 84375 
23) 350375 55) 850375 
Bee eee 375 ae Wee 
25) 390625 52) 90625 
17a) 40625 72 oe = 00605 
#421875 Hy 921875 
a 43 Co Mare ecg 9375 
16° C . 16 
29) 453125 1] 953125 
aes 46875 ieee 96875 
31) 484375 $3) 984375 
Steet te) See ie a (ke toe? {2 
































GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





























176 
Metric and English Equivalents 
1. To Convert Metric to English Units 
Multiply By To Get 
Centimeters 0.3937 Inches 
Meters 3.2808 Feet 
Meters 1.09361 Yards 
Kilometers 0.62137 Miles 
Square Centimeters 0.1550 Square Inches 
Square Meters 10.7641 Square Feet 
Square Kilometers 0.38611 Square Miles 
Square Kilometers 247.114 Acres 
Cubic Centimeters 0.0610 Cubic Inches 
Cubic Meters 35.3140 Cubic Feet 
Litres 0.2642 Gallons (American) 
Kilograms 2.20462 Pounds (Avoirdupois) 
Kilograms 0.001102 Tons (2000 Pounds) 
2. To Convert English to Metric Units 
Multiply By To Get 
Inches 2.5001 Centimeters 
Feet 0.3048 Meters 
Yards 0.9144 Meters 
Miles 1.60935 Kilometers 
Square Inches 6.4516 Square Centimeters 
Square Feet 0.0929 Square Meters 
Square Miles 2.58899 Square Kilometers 
Acres 0.004047 |Square Kilometers 
Cubic Inches 16.3934 Cubic Centimeters 
Cubic Feet 0.02834 Cubic Meters 
Gallons (American) os tao Litres 
Pounds (Avoirdupois) 0.4536 Kilograms 
Tons (2000 Pounds) 905.79 Kilograms 











GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 177 


Circumferences and Areas of Circles 


Diameters Advancing by Eighths to 1772 
































Diam Circum. Area Diam Circum. Area 
i% ST: 4V, 14.137 | 15.904 
i 0.393 0.012 5% 14.530 16.800 
VY +705 .050 34 14.923 Were a! 
3% PoLzs .110 ZR 152315 18.665 
4 Bee! .196 
5% 1.964 BOUT 5 15.708 19.635 
34 D080 .442 i 16.101 20.629 
1% 2.749 .601 Vy 16.493 21.648 
36 16.886 22.691 
1 3.142 .7185 i 17.279 23.758 
YY 3.534 .994 58 17-671 24.850 
iy 3,927 16227 34 18.064 25.967 
3¢ 4.320 1.485 iz 18.457 27.109 
4% 4.712 15767 
5% 5.105 2.074 6 18.850 28.274 
34 5.498 2.405 % 19.242 29.465 
i% 5.890 2 Tol Yy 19.635 30.680 
36 20.228 | 31.919 
2 6.283 3.142 Vy 20.420 33. 163 
ly 6.676 3.547 54 20.813 oA 42 
yy 7.079 3.976 34 21.206 S180 
34 7.461 4.430 i 21.598 ey) ange 
4 7.854 4.909 
5% 8.247 5.412 z 21.991 38.485 
34 8.639 5.940 ly 22.384 39.871 
1% 9.032 6.492 yy D2 REE 41.282 
34 23.169 | 42.718 
3 9.425 7.069 23.502 44.179 
KY 9.817 7.670 5% 23.955 45.664: 
iy 10.210 8.296 34 24.347 47.173 
3% 10.603 8.946 i% 24.740 48.707 
Vy 10.996 9.621 
56 11.388 105521 8 Tag | oY 50.265 
34 11.781 11.045 Vy 252525 51.849 
1% 12.174 11.793 Vy 25.918 53.456 
36 26.311 55.088 
4 12.566 12.566 om) 26.704 56.745 
iy 12.959 13.364 58 27.096 58.426 
yy 132302 14.186 34 27.489 60.132 
3% 13.745 15.033 KR 27.882 61.862 


178 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Circumferences and Areas of Circles 


Diam. 


ONDNaNNLONINON 


10 


ONANONSNON NON 


11 


ONPNaNWONANON 


“42 


ONAN NNONNON 


here 


t 


Diameters Advancing by Eighths to 17% 


Circum. 




















Area Diam. 
63.617 1314 
65.397 % 
67.201 34 
69.029 i 
70.882 
72.760 14 
74.662 Vy 
76.589 WA 
34 
78.540 4 
80.516 5% 
82.516 34 
84.541 % 
86.590 
88. 664 15 
90.763 lg 
92.886 yy 
PA 
/8 
95.033 Vy 
97.205 5% 
99 402 % 
101.62 % 
103.87 
106.14 16 
108.43 lg 
110.75 4 
34 
113.10 4 
115.47 % 
117.86 34 
120.28 % 
70 
125.19 17 
127.68 ly 
130.19 \y 
78 
132.73 4 
135.30 % 
137.89 34 
140.50 % 








Circum. 








GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 179 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 
Roots, Circumferences and Areas 
From .1 to 1000 by tenths to 10 


Number Square Cube Circle 
or Square Cube Root Root 
Diam. Circum. Area 
1 0.01 0.001 0.316 0.464 0.314 0.00785 
2 .04 .008 447 7080 .628 .0314 
3 .09 .027 .548 .669 .942 .0707 
4 .16 064 633 1d Le Sif 126 
5 SOAS) 12S} 707 794. eS 7 .196 
6 36 216 SCES 843 1.885 283 
fi 49 343 RSSt 888 2.199 385 
8 64 S12 894 928 29 13 2503 
9 .81 729 .949 966 ORS Dn 636 
La 1 a 1% 1 Ot A2 PhO 
vt Cozi 1 ieee ro d 1.049 1.032 3.456 .950 
a2 1.44 P7728 1.095 1.063 SLO 1-131 
LS 1,69 2.197 1.140 1.091 4.084 Les2% 
4 1.96 PA of PME 1.183 1.119 4.398 £539 
ae 22S Seis 1225 tei45 Ait? 1.767 
.6 2.56 4.096 1265 iWee law) 5.027 2.004 
aiff 2.89 4.913 1.304 T2193 ee a 2.270 
.8 3.24 Shatorey2 1 342 1.216 5050 2 aS 
9 3.61 6.859 1.378 1.239 5.970 2.3835 
2 4, 8. 1.414 1.260 6.283 Solan 
Ais 4.41 9.261 1.449 1.281 6.597 3.464 
ae 4.84 10.648 1.483 1.301 6.912 3.801 
4S 5.29 12.167 15.17 1.320 12226 4.155 
4 5.76 13.824 1.549 £2339 7.540 4.524 
BS 6.25 15.625 1.581 (lige show! Ip eke! 4.909 
.6 6.76 17.576 1.612 eco He) 8.168 5.309 
ay YEAS) 19.683 1.643 1.392 8.482 5A 026 
8 7.84 21.952 1.673 1.409 8.797 6.158 
9 8.41 24,389 1.703 1.426 C8 a i a 6.605 
on 9. Ble (SW 1.442 9.425 7.069 
1 9.61 29.791 d eee 1.458 9.739 7.548 
A 10.24 S208 1.789 1.474 10.053 8.043 
25009 10.89 BoD. 937 1.817 1.489 10.367 S505 
4 11256 39.304 1.844 1.504 10.681 9.079 
Sg.) 1 IAS! 42.875 1.871 125138 10.996 9.621 
.6 12.96 46.656 1.897 153: Pest 10.179 
aif 13.69 50.653 1.924 L547 11.624 LOReo2 
8 14.44 54,872 1.949 1.560 11.938 Ps S4t 
9 12075 1.574 1 252 11.946 





180 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK | 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 














Number ; 
or Square Cube 
Diam 
An, 16. 64. 
a 16.81 68 .921 
a4 17.64 74.088 
a3 18.49 79.507 
4 19.36 85.184 
5 20:25 91.125 
.6 241.6 97 .336 
nel 22.09 103 .823 
.8 23.04 110.592 
.9 24.01 117.649 
Sia DEY. 1253 
wi 26.01 132.651 
9? 27.04 140.608 
Re) 28.09 148.877 
4 29.16 157.464 
ay 30.25 166.375 
.6 oH NG SHO) 175.616 
Nd. 32.49 185.193 
.8 33.64 1955112 
.9 34.81 205.379 
6. 36. 216 
Ail SH oN 226.981 
2) 38.44 238.328 
mS) 39.69 250.047 
4 40.96 262.144 
75 42425 274.625 
.6 43.56 287 .496 
sf 44.89 300.763 
as! 46.24 314.432 
.9 47.61 328.509 
Je 49, 343, 
Seal 50.41 Sey fetal 
2 51.84 Somes 
5) 5s. 29 389.017 
4 54.76 405.224 
a5 56.25 421.875 
.6 S/O 438.976 
id 59.29 456.533 
.8 60.84 AU 4 aoe 
9 62.41 493 .039 


NNNNLY 


NWwNWNW bd NWNNN bd NNNN td NWNNN bd NNMNNHNH NHNHNWNWNY NNW hd bdo 





Cube 
Root 


a ee 


a ee Cd 


Shel 
.601 
.613 
.626 
.639 


.651 
. 663 
.675 
.687 
.698 


LO 
RAZA 
SUH 
.744 
154 


.765 
.776 
. 786 
HOT 
.807 


Sid 
.827 
.837 
. 847 
.857 


. 866 
.876 
.885 
.895 
.904 


.913 
.922 
.931 
.940 
.949 


Oat 
.966 
.975 
983 
. 992 


Circle 
Circum. Area 
12.566 12.566 
12.881 3203 
139195 13.854 
13.509 14522 
13.823 15205: 
14.137 15.904 
14.451 16.619 
14.765 17.349 
15.080 18.096 
15.394 18.857 
15.708 19.635 
16.022 20.428 
16.366 Die od 
16.650 22.062 
16.965 22.902 
17 PATS) 23.758 
172593 24.630 
17.907 25.518 
1S 22 1 26.421 
182535 27.340 
18.850 28.274 
19.164 205225 
19.478 30.191 
19.792 31.173 
20.106 32.170 
20.420 33.183 
ZOO 34.212 
21.049 Sou esi f 
21.363 36.317 
2167 37.393 
21.991 38.485 
22 5309 39.592 
22.619 40.715 
22.934 41.854 
23.248 43 .008 
23.562 44.179 
23.876 45.365 
24.190 46.566 
24.504 47.784 
24.819 49.017 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK | 181 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 





Number Square Cube Circle 
or Square Cube Root Root 
Diam. Circum. Area 
8 64. 51/2 2.828 ie 25053 50.266 
1 65.61 531.441 2.846 2.008 D5EAAT Si2530 
2 67 .24 551.368 2.864 2 OL PRS) «, AGM 52 2810 
3 68.89 571.787 2.881 2.025 26.075 54.106 
4 70.56 592.704 2.898 2'.033 26.389 55.418 
5 (IAs, Dh) 614.125 2.915 2.041 26.704 56.745 
6 73.96 636.056 2.933 2.049 27.018 58.088 
7 75.69 658.503 2.950 DeOs7 IR Be 59.447 
8 Wd Ae 681.472 3.966 2.065 27.646 60.821 
9 Kom oe 704.969 2.983 2 Os2 27.960 62.211 
9 81. 729 or, 2.080 28.274 63.617 
1 82.81 1S) 5 SVE 3,017 2.088 28.588 65.039 
2 84.64 778.688 320386 2.095 28.903 66.476 
3 86.49 804.357 3.050 22 103 DOR2AT 67.929 
4 88.36 830.584 3.066 Det 297,531 69.398 
5 90.25 857.375 3.082 Deeks 29.845 70.882 
6 92.16 884.736 3.098 22> 30.159 UPR BRE: 
Zi 94.09 912.673 3.114 2133) 30.473 73.898 
8 96.04 941.192 3.130 2.140 30.788 75.430 
9 98.01 970.299 3.146 Dae eb7h 31.102 76.977 
10 100. 1000 3.162 QeASE: 31.416 78.540 
11 UPA 1331 Sy cuiligl 2.224 34.558 95.033 
PD 144, 1728 3.464 2.289 Sie OOO EL tse 10 
13 169. 2197 3.606 2.3510 40.841 L325 
14 196. 2744 aw 2.410 43.982 153.94 
15 226 3375 Shwe) 2.466 A[RAZAS at On il 
16 256. 4096 4. 2.520 50.265 | 201.06 
17 289, 4913 4.123 Defi 53.407 | 226.98 
18 324. 5832 4,243 2eo2 SOno 490 | e2o4u4y 
19 SOU e 6859 4.359 2.668 59.690 | 283.53 
20 400. 8000 47472 Daas SW) ppetels I) coh Nes 
ZA 441, 9261 4.583 VA Ap aS) 699/39 546.356 
22 484, 10648 4.690 2.802 69.115 | 380.13 
23 29). 12167 4.796 2.844 TPP PB |) ASUS 2 
24 576. 13824 4.899 2.885 75.398 | 452.39 
25 625. 15625 De 2.924 78.540 | 490.87 
26 676. 17576 5,099 2.963 81.681 | 530.93 
Dill 729, 19683 5.196 By 8478237) 5/2.56 
28 784. 21952 5k 292 32037 87.965 | 615.75 
29 841. 24389 5.385 3.072 91.106 | 660.52 


182 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 

















Cube 


27000 
29791 
32768 
35937 
39304 


42875 
46656 
50653 
54872 
59319 


64000 
68921 
74088 
79507 
85184 


91125 
97336 
103823 
110592 
117649 


125000 
132651 
140608 
148877 
157464 


166375 
175616 
185193 
195112 
205379 


216000 
226981 
238328 
250047 
262144 


274625 
287496 
300763 
314432 
328509 








00 00.00 00 GO CONININIST SININININST SISININSINSI NIDAAND DADAADAD DAKHAQU UNUNN 








Circle 

Circum. Area 

94.248 706.86 

97 .389 fies. AGE 
100.53 804.25 
103.67 855.30 
106.81 907.92 
109.96 962.11 
113.10 1017.88 
116.24 1075.21 
119.38 1134;21 
123252 1194.59 
125.66 1256.64 
128.81 320825 
13195 1385.44 
135.09 1452.20 
138.23 1520.53 
14137 1590.43 
144.51 1661.90 
147.66 1734.94 
150.80 1809.56 
153.94 1885.74 
157.08 1963.50 
160.22 2042 .82 
163 .36 2123 12 
166.50 2206.18 
169.65 2290.22 
L722479 PR levelte ks) 
5393 2463.01 
179.07 2551.76 
P8224 2642 .08 
185.35 2733.97 
188.50 2827 .43 
191.64 2922.47 
194.78 3019.07 
197.92 Lt 1225 
201.06 3216.99 
204.20 3318.31 
207 .34 3421.19 
210.49 3525.65 
213.63 3631.68 
DVO atT: 3739.28 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


183 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Number 
or Square 
Diam 
70 4900 
fil 5041 
72 5184 
73 5329 
74 5476 
75 5625 
76 5776 
77 5929 
78 6084 
79 6241 
80 6400 
81 6561 
82 6724 
83 6889 
84 7056 
85 (225 
86 7396 
87 7569 
88 7144 
89 7921 
90 8100 
91 8281 
92 8464 
93 8649 
94 8836 
95 9025 
96 9216 
97 9409 
98 9604 
99 9801 
100 10000 
101 10201 
102 10404 
103 10609 
104 10816 
105 11025 
106 11236 
107 11449 
108 11664 
109 11881 





Roots, Circumferences and Areas 





Cube 


343000 
357911 
373248 
389017 
405224 


421875 
438976 
456533 
474552 
493039 


512000 
531441 
551368 
571787 
592704 


614125 
636056 
658503 
681472 
704969 


729000 
753571 
778688 
804357 
830584 


857375 
884736 
912673 
941192 
970299 


1000000 
1030301 
1061208 
1092727 
1124864 


1157625 
1191016 
1225043 
1259712 
1295029 





Square 
Root 


WOooonog OOoono OOooo OOOoowm WOoOMMOMO WoMmnme 


.367 
.426 
.485 
. 544 
.602 


.660 
.718 
a els: 
. 832 
. 888 


.944 


OS'S 
.110 
.165 


.219 
.274 
SORT 
5901 
.434 


.487 
099 
.992 
.644 
.695 


747 
.798 
. 849 
.899 
.950 


.050 
.099 
.149 
.198 


.247 
.296 
344 
92 
.440 





Cube 
Root 


PALL L PAL ALA AAAAA PAAAA ALDAA AAADLA BPRARE PRP 


Circle 

Circum. Area 

219.91 3848 .45 
223305 3959.19 
226.19 4071.50 
229 .34 4185.39 
232.48 4300.84 
235.62 4417 .86 
238.76 4536.46 
241.90 4656.63 
245 .04 4778 .36 
248.19 4901.67 
251253 5026.55 
254.47 5153.00 
2 Sie Ol 5281.02 
260.75 5410.61 
263.89 554 tad, 
267 .04 5674.50 
270.18 5808 .80 
Do EP 5944.68 
276.46 6082.12 
279.60 6221.14 
282.74 6361.73 
285.88 6503.88 
289 .03 6647.61 
292.17 6792.91 
295) 531 6939.78 
298.45 7088 .22 
301.59 7238.23 
304.73 7389.81 
307 .88 7542.96 
S10? 7697 .69 
314.16 7853.98 
S07 230) 8011.85 
320.44 8171.28 
323.58 8332.29 
326.73 8494.87 
329.87 8659.01 
S35GR0L 8824.73 
336.15 8992 .02 
339.29 9160.88 
342.43 9331.32 





184 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


— | | Sf | 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 





Number 

or Square 
Diam 
110 12100 
111 12321 
112 12544 
113 12769 
114 12996 
115 13225 
116 13456 
ily 13689 
118 13924 
119 14161 
120 14400 
121 14641 
122 14834 
123 15129 
124 15376 
125 15625 
126 15876 
17 16129 
128 16384 
129 16641 
130 16900 
Syl 17161 
Se 17424 
133 17689 
134 17956 
135 18225 
136 18496 
137 18769 
138 19044 
139 19321 
140 19600 
141 19881 
142 20164 
143 20449 
144 20736 
145 21025 
146 21316 
147 21609 
148 21904 
149 22201 


1331000 
1367631 
1404928 
1442897 
1481544 


1520875 
1560896 
1601613 
1643032 
1685159 


1728000 
1771561 
1815848 
1860867 
1906624 


1953125 
2000376 
2048383 
2097152 
2146689 


2197000 
2248091 
2299968 
2352637 
2406104 


2460375 
2515456 
2571353 
2628072 
2685619 


2744000 
2803221 
2863288 
2924207 
2985984 


3048625 
3112136 
3176523 
3241792 
3307949 


num anna” AMnnnnN NAannn aanno CS a LAL LL Pp Pip PP wp 








Circle 
Circum. Area 
345.58 9503. 
348.72 9676. 
351.86 9852. 
355.00 10028. 
358.14 10207. 
361.28 10386. 
364.42 10568. 
364,50 10751. 
370.71 10935. 
373.85 1120" 
376.99 11309. 
380.13 11499. 
383.27 11689. 
386.42 11882. 
389.56 12076. 
392.70 12271. 
395.84 12468. 
398.98 12667. 
402.12 12867. 
405.27 13069. 
408.41 13273. 
411.55 13478. 
414.69 13684. 
417.83 13892. 
420.97 14102. 
424.12 14313. 
427 .26 14526. 
430.40 14741. 
433.54 14957. 
436.68 T517Ae 
439.82 15393. 
442 .96 15614. 
446.11 15836. 
449.25 16060. 
452.39 16286. 
455.53 16513. 
458.67 16741. 
461.81 16971. 
464.96 17203. 
468.10 17436. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


185 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


eee SS ee ee ey 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 


Number 

or Square 
Diam 

150 22500 
151 22801 
o2 23104 
153 23409 
154 23716 
155 24025 
156 24336 
157 24649 
158 24964 
159 25281 
160 25600 
161 25921 
162 26244 
163 26569 
164 26896 
165 DII225 
166 27556 
167 27889 
168 28224 
169 28561 
170 28900 
Pt 29241 
172 28584 
LHS: 29929 
174 30276 
175 30625 
176 30976 
Lid 31329 
178 31684 
179 32041 
180 32400 
181 32761 
182 33124 
183 33489 
184 33856 
185 34225 
186 34596 
187 34969 
188 35344 
189 35721 





3375000 
3442951 
3511008 
3581577 
3652264 


3723875 
3796416 
3869893 
3944312 
4019679 


4096000 
4173281 
4251528 
4330747 
4410944 


4492125 
4574296 
4657463 
4741632 
4826809 


4913000 
5000211 
5088448 
Salad. 
5268024 


5359375 
5451776 
5545233 
5639752 
5735339 


5832000 
5929741 
6028568 
6128487 
6229504 


6331625 
6434856 
6539203 
6644672 
6751269 


Anaannn AMIN Ann VANInnn Annan Aannn Annan nAnnnn 





Circle 


Area 


17671. 
17907. 
18145. 
18385. 
18626. 


18869. 
19113. 
19359. 
19606. 
19855. 


20106. 
20358. 
20611. 
20867. 
21124. 


DLSS2e 
21642. 
21903. 
22167. 
22431. 


22698. 
22965. 
PEPSI) 
23506. 
23778. 


24052. 
24328. 
24605. 
24884. 
25164. 


25446. 
25730. 
26015. 
26302. 
26590. 


26880. 
27171. 
27464, 
27759. 
28055. 


186 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 








Number 
or 
Diam. 


190 
191 








Circle 


6859000 
6967871 
7077888 
7189017 
7301384 


7414875 
7529536 
7645373 
7762392 
78380599 


8000000 
8120601 
8242408 
8365427 
8489664 


8615125 
8741816 
8869743 
8998912 
9129329 


9261000 
9393931 
9528128 
9663597 
9800344 


9938375 
10077696 
10218313 
10360232 
10503459 


10648000 
10793861 
10941048 
11089567 
11239424 


11390625 
11543176 
11697083 
11852352 
12008989 


ANNADN ANNDANN DANHAUWU Manono anna Monin Mannwn Mann 
es d 
i 
is 
Oo 
On 
© 
~ 
Ww 
Ww 
Se 
an 
Ww 
Oo 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 187 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 











Number Square Cube a 
or Square Cube Root Root 
Diam. Circum. Area 
230 52900 12167000 | 15.166 Gri Teh 41547 .56 
231 53361 12326391 | 15.199 6.136 Sy te 41909 .63 
232 53824 12487 VOSs) 155231 6.145 728.85 AD2TI Sea 
233 54289 12649337 | 15.264 6.153 731.99 42638 .48 
234 54756 12812904 | 15.297 6.162 735.13 43005 .26 
235 55225 12977875 | 15.330 6.171 738.27 43373 .61 
236 55696 13144256 | 15.362 6.180 741.42 43743 .54 
237 56169 13312053) 15.395 6.188 744.56 AATIS&03 
238 56644 134812072) 154427 6.197 747.70 44488 .09 
239 57121 13651919 | 15.460 6.206 750.84 44862 .73 
240 57600 13824000 | 15.492 6.214 753.98 45238 .93 
241 58081 |. 13997521 15.524 6.223 ole 45616.71 
242 58564 14172488 |} 15.556 Gn232 760.27 45996 .06 
243 ' 59049 14348907 | 15.588 |}- 6.240 763.41 46376 .98 
244 59536 14526784 | 15.620 6.249 766.55 46759 .47 
245 60025 147061259) 155,652 On 57. 769.69 47143 .52 
246 60516 14886936 | 15.684 6.266 772.83 47529 .16 
247 61009 15069223 1554016 6.274 (Mise OME 47916.36 
248 61504 15252992 15.748 6.283 779.11 48305 .13 
249 62001 15438249 | 15.780 6.291 782 .26 48695 .47 
250 62500 15625000 | 15.811 6.300 785.40 49087 .39 
251 63001 15813251 15343 6.308 788.54 49480 .87 
252 63504 16003008 } 15.874 6.316 791.68 49875.92 
253 64009 16194277 15.906 es oo 794.82 50272..05 
254 64516 16387064 } 15.937 6333 797.96 50670.75 
255 65025 16581375 | 15.969 6.341 801.11 51070.52 
256 65536 LOLTIZLON) 162 6.350 804.25 §1471.85 
IAS! 66049 16974593 16.031 6.358 807 .39 51874.76 
258 66564 THATS OL2 16.062 6.366 810.53 52279.24 
259 67081 17373979 | 16.093 6.374 813.67 52685.29 
260 67600 17576000 | 16.125 6.382 816.81 53092 .92 
261 68121 17779581 16s055 6.391 819.96 53502.11 
262 68644 17984728 | 16.186 6.399 823.10 53912.87 
263 69169 18191447 16.217 6.407 826.24 ee WARY 7! 
264 69696 18399744 | 16.248 6,415 829.38 54739.11 
265 70225 18609625 | 16.279 6.423 832.152 55154.59 
266 70756 18821096 | 16.309 62431 835 .66 §5571.63 
267 71289 19034163 | 16.340 6.439 838.81 55990.25 
268 71824 19248832 16.371 6.447 841.95 56410. 44 
6.455 845.09 56832 .20 


269 72361 19465109 | 16.401 


188 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 

















Number 

or Square 
Diam 

270 72900 
Dit 73441 
Di2 73984 
273 74529 
274 75076 
DUS 75625 
276 76176 
277 76729 
278 77284 
279 77841 
280 78400 
281 78961 
282 79524 
283 80089 
284 80656 
285 81225 
286 81796 
287 82369 
288 82944 
289 83521 
290 84100 
291 84681 
292 85264 
293 85849 
294 86436 
295 87025 
296 87616 
297 88209 
298 88804 
299 89401 
300 90000 
301 90601 
302 91204 
303 91809 
304 92416 
305 93025 
306 93636 
307 94249 
308 94864 
309 95481 


19683000 
19902511 
20123643 
20346417 
20570824 


20796875 
21024576 
DA ZISOSS 
21484952 
21717639 


21952000 
22188041 
22425768 
22665187 
22906304 


23149125 
23393656 
23639903 
23887872 
24137569 


24389000 
24642171 
24897088 
QOASSMST, 
25412184 


25672375 
25934836 
26198073 
26463592 
26730899 


27000000 
27270901 
27543608 
27818127 
28094464 


28372625 
28652616 
28934443 
29218112 
29503629 


Cue Circle 
Root 

Circum. Area 
6.463 848 .23 SPS) 
6.471 851.37 57680. 
6.479 854.51 58106. 
6.487 857.65 58534. 
6.495 860.80 58964. 
6.503 863 .94 59395. 
Omron 867.08 59828. 
62 S19 870.22 60262. 
6.526 873 .36 60698. 
6.534 876.50 61136. 
6.542 879.65 61575. 
6.550 882.79 62015. 
6.558 885.93 62458. 
6.565 889 .07 62901. 
6.573 892.21 63347. 
6.581 895.35 63793. 
6.588 898.50 64242. 
6.596 901.64 64692. 
6.604 904.78 65144. 
6.611 907 .92 65597. 
6.619 911.06 66051. 
6.627 914.20 66508. 
6.634 O17. 35 66966. 
6.642 920.49 67425. 
6.649 923.63 67886. 
6.657 926.77 68349. 
6.654 929.91 68813. 
6.672 933 :05 69279. 
6.697 936.19 69746. 
6.687 939.34 70215. 
6.694 942 .48 70685. 
6.702 945.62 GATS 
6.709 948.76 71631. 
6.717 951.90 72106. 
6.724 955.04 72583. 
6.731 958.19 73061. 
6.739 961.33 73541. 
6.746 964.47 74022. 
ORL53 967.61 74506. 
6.761 970.75 74990. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 189 


Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 

















Number Square Cube wage 
or Square Cube Root Root 

Diam. Circum. Area 

310 96100 29791000 | 17.607 .768 973.89 75476.76 
ule: 96721 30080231 172635 atl fle) 977 .04 75964.50 
SZ | 97344 30371328 | 17.663 782 980.18 76453 .80 
313 97969 30664297 17.692 .790 983 .32 76944 .67 
314 98596 30959144 | 17.720 5 SY 986.46 77437 .12 
315 99225 31255875 | 17.748 .804 989 .60 77931 .13 
316 99856 31554496 | 17.776 811 992.74 78426.72 


317 100489 31855013 | 17.804 
318 101124 S211 4320175833 
319 101761 32461759 | 17.861 


320 102400 32768000 | 17.888 
S21 103041 33076161 | 17.916 
322 103684 33386248 | 17.944 
323 104329 33698267 | 17.972 - 
324 104976 34012224 | 18. 


325 105625 34328125 | 18.028 
326 106276 34645976 | 18.055 
327 106929 34965783 | 18.083 
328 107584 GODS OO me om beled 
329 1038241 35611289 | 18.138 


I30) 108900 35937000 | 18.166 


.818 995 .88 78923 .88 
. 826 999203 79422 .60 
.833 | 1002.17 79922 .90 


.840 | 1005.31 80424.77 
.847 | 1008.45 80928. 21 
.854 | 1011.59 81433 .22 
.861 | 1014.73 81939 .80 
.868 | 1017.88 82447 .96 


ote) jh OS LOY 82957 .68 
.882 | 1024.16 83468 .98 
.889 | 1027.30 83981 .84 
.896 | 1030.44 84496 .28 
1033.58 85012 .28 


.910 | 1036.73 85529 .86 


331 109561 36264691 | 18.193 .917 | 1039.87 86049 .01 
332 110224 36594368 | 18.221 .924 | 1043.01 86569 .73 
333 110889 36926037 | 18.248 .931 | 1046.15 87092 .02 


334 111556 37259704 | 18.276 


335 112225 37595375 | 18.303 
336 112896 37933056 | 18.330 
337 113569 SOLID IIS | MOE SIS 
338 114244 38614472 | 18.385 
339 114921 38958219 | 18.412 


340 115600 39304000 | 18.439 


.938 | 1049.29 87615 .88 


.945 | 1052.43 88141 .31 
22S) 1) MOS). 88668 .31 
.959 |} 1058.72 89196.88 
.966 | 1061.86 89727 .03 
.973 | 1065.00 90258 .74 


.980 | 1068.14 90792 .03 


341 116281 39651821 | 18.466 .986 | 1071.28 91326.88 
342 116964 40001688 | 18.493 .993 | 1074.42 91863 .31 
343 117649 40353607 | 18.520 LODO 92401 .31 


‘007 | 1080.71 | 92940.88 


.014 | 1083.85 93482 .02 
.020 } 1086.99 94024 .73 
.027 | 1090.13 94569 .01 
.034 | 1093.27 95114.86 
.041 | 1096.42 95662 .28 


344 118336 40707584 | 18.547 


345 119025 41063625 | 18.574 
346 119716 41421736 | 18.601 
347 120409 41781923 | 18.628 
348 121104 42144192 | 18.655 
349 121801 42508549 | 18.681 


SWNT  SINADND ADDAD ANDDADR ADANDADD ADRDDANR AnDDANR AKRAADN 
Ne) 
(=) 
Ww 





190 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 











or Square 


Circle 


Circum. Area 


350 122500 


354 123201 
sey? 123904 
353 124609 
354 125316 
305 126025 
356 126736 
S57 127449 
358 128164 
359 128881 
360 129600 
361 130321 
362 131044 
363 131769 


364 132496 


365 133225 
366 133956 
367 134689 
368 135424 
369 136161 


370 136900 


371 137641 
SH 138384 
373 139129 
374 139876 
375 140625 
376 141376 
377 142129 
378 142884 


379 143641 


380 144400 
381 145161 
382 145924 
383 146689 
384 147456 


385 148225 
386 148996 
387 149769 
388 150544 
389 151321 





42875000 
43243551 
43614208 
43986977 
44361864 


44738875 
45118016 
45499293 
45882712 
46268279 


46656000 
47045881 
47437928 
47832147 
48228544 


48627125 
49027896 
49430863 
49836032 
50243409 


50653000 
51064811 
51478848 
51895117 
52313624 


52734375 
53157376 
53582633 
54010152 
54439939 


54872000 
55306341 
55742968 
56181887 
56623104 


57066625 
57512456 
57960603 
58411072 
58863869 


1099.56 96211. 
1102.70 96761. 
1105.84 97313; 
1108.98 97867. 
1 Me eg - 98422. 


TUS 27 98979. 
1118.41 99538. 
1121.55 | 100098. 
1124.69 | 100659. 
PLZ 783 101222. 


1130797 | 101787. 
1134.11 | 102353. 
1137726) 102021" 
1140.40 | 103491. 
1143.54 | 104062. 


1146.68 | 104634. 
1149.82 | 105208. 
1152.96 | 105784. 
1156.11 | 106361. 
1159.25 | 106940. 


1162.39 | 107521° 
1165253 | 10StO07% 
1168.67 | 108686. 
UO |e L092 file 
1174.96 | 109858. 


1178.10 | 110446. 
1181.24 | 111036. 
1184.38 -| 111627. 
TUST OZ e112 220. 
1190.66 | 112815. 


119381 9) 113411; 
1196.95 | 114009. 
1200.09 | 114608. 
1203.23 | 115209. 
120637 el eltserie 


1209.51 | 116415. 
Sa 212 Ooi O02 
1215.80 | 117628. 
1218.94 | 118236. 
1222.08 | 118847. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK __191 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 








Number : Square Cube Cros 
or Square Cube Root Root 

Diam. Circum. Area 
390 152100 59319000 | 19.748 TeO0G ei 225022 1219459206 
391 152881 59776471 19.774 (sO 1228.36 | 120072.46 
392 153664 60236288 | 19.799 Fe SLOM12ST 5017120087442 
393 154449 60698457 19.824 passers 1234.65 121303.96 
394 155236 61162984 | 19.849 ARO 123;7.79 121922 .07 
395 156025 61629875 19.875 ferdon. |i 2406031122544 275 
396 156816 62099136 | 19.900 7.343 1244.07 123163 .00 
397 157609 62570773 19.925 SEUSS) OA a| 123785 .82 
398 158404 63044792 19.950 TOD OUlP L250, 35 124410.21 
399 159201 63521199 | 19.975 Tes Oo: 1253-008] S12503 0-47 
400 160000 64000000 | 20. 12508) (1256) 6412125663007 1 
401 160801 64481201 20.025 Bora) 1259 eiSe ls 126292" 81 
402 161604 64964808 | 20.050 Teo SO) [M26 2792 126923 .48 
403 162409 65450827 | 20.075 7.386 |-1266.06 | 127555.73 
A04 163216 65939264 | 20.100 7.393 | 1269.20 | 128189.55 
405 164025 66430125 | 20.125 TG9O TELAT 2465128824793 

' 406 164836 66923416 | 20.149 7.405 | 1275.49 | 129461.89 
407 165649 67419143 | 20.174 ined 4 1278.63 130100. 42 
408 166464 67917312 | 20.199 Te ALi 1282 ie 130740.52 
409 167281 68417929 | 20.224 T2423 1284.91 131382 .19 
410 168100 68921000 | 20.249 (429° |51288.05 132025543 
411 168921 69426531 20.273 4 2435 1291.19 132670.24 
412 169744 69934528 | 20.298 7.441 1294.34 | 133316.63 
413 170569 70444997 | 20.322 7.447 1297 .48 133964.58 
414 171396 70957944 | 20.347 7.453 | 1300.62 134614.10 
415 172225 MLAGSO7 Sole 20m 2 TRAS On| 16030700 |= 1355265,,.20 
416 173056 71991296 | 20.396 e405 1306.90 | 135917.86 
417 173889 T25G 1713, (QOLA429 7.471 135105047 \e13657 200s 
418 174724 73034632 | 20.445 1 ALT 1S Se Oe es 22 fe On 
419 175561 73560059 | 20.470 7.483 1316.33 137885 .29 
420 176400 74088000 | 20.494 7.489 | 1319.47 | 138544.24 
421 177241 74618461 | 20.518 CAG Se |elo2 200 139204.76 
422 178084 75151448 | 20.543 7.501 1325.75 | 139866.85 
423 178929 75686967 | 20.567 7.507 | 1328.89 | 140530.51 
424 179776 76225024 | 20.591 LEST 1332.04 | 141195.74 
425 180625 76765625 | 20.616 7.519 | 1335.18 | 141862 .54 
426 ».]| 181476 77308776 | 20.640 POS24. | StS S832 142530.92 
427 182329 77854483 | 20.664 7.530 | 1341.46 | 143200.86 
428 183184 78402752 | 20.688 7.536 | 1344.60 | 143872 .38 
429 184041 78953589 | 20.7142 7.542 | 1347.74 | 144545 .46 


Se Se Se 


2 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 


ASS ee ee Oe EEE 





Square 


184900 
185761 
186624 
187489 
188356 


189225 
190096 
190969 
191844 
192721 


193600 
194481 
195364 
196249 
197136 


198025 
198916 
199809 
200704 
201601 


202500 
203401 
204304 
205209 
206116 


207025 
207936 
208849 
209764 
210681 


211600 
212521 
213444 
214369 
215296 


216225 
217156 
218089 
219024 
219961 


79507000 
80062991 
80621568 
81182737 
81746504 


82312875 
82881856 
83453453 
84027672 
84604519 


85184000 
85766121 
86350888 
86938307 
87528384 


88121125 
88716536 
89314623 
89915392 
90518849 


91125000 
91733851 
92345408 
92959677 
93576664 


94196375 
94818816 
95443993 
96071912 
96702579 


97336000 
97972181 
98611128 
99252847 
99897344 


100544625 
101194696 
101847563 
102503232 
103161709 


NSIS ONS ONIN OSS OT SSS OSS SS OSS SS ON SS 


Circle 
Circum. Area 
1350.88 145220. 
1354.03 145896. 
SS Teds, 146574. 
1360.31 147253. 
1363.45 147934. 
1366.59 | 148616. 
1369.73 149301. 
1372288 149986. 
1376.02 150673. 
1T379OM1O") 1513562) 
13825307 | 152053% 
IS S544 elo Z on 
1388.58 153438. 
V3 9E RIS U54133¢ 
1394.87 | 154830. 
1398.01 155528. 
1401.15 156228. 
1404.29 | 156929. 
1407 .43 1570320 
1410.58 | 158337. 
TATSE 2 159043. 
1416.86 | 159750. 
1420.00 | 160459. 
1423.14 | 161170. 
1426.28 | 161883. 
1429.42 162597. 
14325 511 163312. 
143 Sele 164029. 
1438.85 164748. 
1441.99 | 165468. 
1445.13 | 166190. 
1448.27 | 166913. 
1451.42 167638. 
1454.56 | 168365. 
1457.70 | 169093. 
1460.84 | 169822. 
1463.98 | 170553. 
1467 .12 171286. 
1470.27 172021. 
1473.41 172756. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





LeBs) 


Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 


Square 


220900 
221841 
222784 
223729 
224676 


225625 
226576 
227529 
228484 
229441 


230400 
231361 
232324 
233289 
234256 


235225 
236196 
237169 
238144 
239121 


240100 
241081 
242064 
243049 
244036 


245025 
246016 
247009 
248004 
249001 


250000 
251001 
252004 
253009 
254016 


255025 
256036 
257049 
258064 
259081 


103823000 


104487111 . 


105154048 
105823817 
106496424 


107171875 
107850176 
108531333 
109215352 
109902239 


110592000 
111284641 
111980168 
112678587 
113379904 


114084125 
114791256 
115501303 
116214272 
116930169 


117649000 
118370771 
119095488 
119823157 
120553784 


121287375 
122023936 
122763473 
123505992 
124251499 


125000000 


125751501 
126506008 
127263527 
128024064 


128787625 
129554216 
130323843 
131096512 
131872299 


SIN OSS OSS OSS SS OSS ST OST ONIN ST ONT 


Circle 
Circum. Area 
1476.55 173494.45 
1479.69 | 174233.51 
1482 .83 174974.14 
1485.97 175716.35 
1489.11 176460.12 
1492.26 | 177205 .46 
1495.40 | 177952.37 
1498.54 | 178700.86 
1501.68 179450.91 
1504.82 180202 .54 
1507.96 | 180955.74 
15 od 181710.50 
1524225 182466. 84 
1517.39 | 183224.75 
1520.53 183984.23 
523568 184745 .28 
1526.81 185507 .90 
1529 .96 186272.10 
1533.10 187037 .86 
1536.24 | 187805.19 
1539.38 | 188574.10 
1542552 189344 .57 
1545.66 | 190116.62 
1548.81 190890 .24 
1551.95 191665 .43 
1555.09 | 192442.18 
1558.23 193220.51 
1561.37 194000.41 
1564.51 194781 .89 
1567.65 | 195564.93 
1570.80 | 196349.54 
1573.94 | 197135.72 
1577.08 | 197923.48 
1580.22 198712.80 
1583.36 | 199503.70 
1586.50 | 200296.17 
1589.65 | 201090.20 
1592.79 | 201885.81 
1595.93 | 202682 .99 
1599.07 | 203481.74 





194 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 











Square 


Se ee a ee ee ee ee S| ee ee eee ee 


260100 
261121 
262144 
263169 
264196 


ZOSZ20 
266256 
267289 
268324 
269361 


270400 
271411 
272484 
273529 
274576 


DiSO25 
276676 
277729 
278784 
279841 


280900 
281961 
283024 
284089 
285156 


286225 
287296 
288369 
289444 
290521 


291600 
292681 
293764 
294849 
295936 


297025 
298116 
299209 
300304 
301401 


132651000 
133432831 
134217728 
135005697 
135796744 


136590875 
137388096 
138188413 
138991832 
139798359 


140608000 
141420761 
142236648 
143055667 
143877824 


144703125 
145531576 
146363183 
147197952 
148035889 


148877000 
149721291 
150568768 


151419437 | 


152273304 


153130375 
153990656 
154854153 
155720872 
156590819 


157464000 
158340421 
159220088 
160103007 
160989184 


161878625 


162771336 
163667323 
164566592 
165469149 


COCOCO0OCO «=O COMO OOOO CO MOM “I COMCOHOMOH MMM MMH MOM MM MHOMMO MMO) 


Circle 
Circum. Area 
1602.21 204282. 
1605.35 | 205083. 


1608.50 | 205887. 


1611.64 | 206692. 


1614.78 | 207499. 
1617.92 | 208307. 
1621.06 | 209116. 
1624.20 | 209928. 
1627.34 | 210741. 
1630.49 | 211555. 
LOSS MOSM m2 E2 odie 
1636.77 | 213189. 
1639.91 | 214008. 
1643.05 | 214829. 
1646.19 | 215651. 
1649.34 | 216475. 
1652.48 | 217300. 
1655/6025) 208127. 
1658.76 | 218956. 
1661.90 | 219786. 
1665.04 | 220618. 
1668.19 | 221451. 
16 (1-33 | 222280). 
1674.47 | 223122) 
1677.61 | 223961. 
1680.75 | 224800. 
1683.89 | 225641. 


1687.04 | 226484. 
1690.18 | 227328. 
228174. 


1696.46 | 229022. 
1699.60 | 229871. 


1702.74 | 230721. 
L/O5.35, |) 2alous 
1709.03 | 232427. 
LiT2 digo oo eae 
1715.31 | 234139. 
1718.45 | 234998. 
PANS SEEN AR Ryo tye 
1724.73 | 236719. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 195 








Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 














Number Square Cube Circle 
or Square Cube Root Root 
Diam Circum. Area 


ES OS SS | ee 


550 302500 | 166375000 | 23.452 .193 | 1727.88 | 237582 .94 
Sen! 303601 | 167284151 | 23.473 .198 | 1731.02 | 238447.67 
552 304704 | 168196608 | 23.495 »203°] 1734.16 | 239313 .96 
Sas 305809 | 169112377 | 23.516 .208 | 1737.30 | 240181 .83 
554 306916 | 170031464 | 23.537 .213 | 1740.44 | 241051.26 
555 308025 | 170953875 | 23.558 .218 | 1743.58 | 241922 .27 
556 309136 | 171879616 | 23.580 .223 | 1746.73 | 242794.85 
557 310249 | 172808693 | 23.601 .228 | 1749.87 | 243668.99 
558 311364 | 173741112 | 23.622 .233 | 1753.01 |. 244544.71 
Say) 312481 | 174676879 | 23.643 .238 | 1756.15 | 245422.00 
560 313600 | 175616000 | 23.664 .243 | 1759.29 | 246300.86 
561 314721 | 176558481 | 23.685 .248 | 1762.43 | 247181.30 
562 315844 | 177504328 | 23.707 .252 | 1765.58 | 248063 .30 


.257 | 1768.72 | 248946.87 
.262 | 1771.86 | 249832.01 


e2Ofe)|| 1775;,00) | .250718 273 
.272 | 1778.14 | 251607 .01 
277 | 1781.28 | 252496.87 
.282 | 1784.42 | 253388.30 
SPRME | UT e atl Sel A PAPAS E PAU 


: 255175 .86 
.296 | 1793.85 | 256072 .00 
.301 | 1796.99 | 256969.71 
.306 | 1800.13 | 257868.99 
.311 | 1803.27 | 258769.85 


.316 | 1806.42 | 259672.27 
.320 | 1809.56 | 260576.26 
.325 | 1812.70 | 261481 .83 
.330 | 1815.84 | 262388.96 
.335 | 1818.98 | 263297.67 


.340 | 1822.12 | 264207.94 
.344 | 1825.27 | 265119.79 
.349 | 1828.41 | 266033.21 
.354 | 1831.55 | 266948.20 
.359 | 1834.69 | 267864.76 


.363 | 1837.83 | 268782.89 
.368 | 1840.97 | 269702.59 
.373 | 1844.11 | 270623 .86 


563 316969 | 178453547 | 23.728 
564 318096 | 179406144 | 23.749 


565 319225 | 180362125 | 23.770 
566 320356 | 181321496 | 23.791 
567 321489 | 182284263 | 23.812 
568 322624 | 183250432 | 23.833 
569 323761 | 184220009 | 23.854 


570 324900 | 185193000 | 23.875 
Sit 326041 | 186169411 | 23.896 
SW 327184 | 187149248 | 23.917 
573 S28529" |) 188132517) | 23,937 
574 329476 | 189119224 | 23.958 


575 330625 | 190109375 | 23.979 
576 331776 | 191102976 | 24. 

Se 332929 | 192100033 | 24.021 
578 334084 | 193100552 | 24.042 
Sie 335241 | 194104539 | 24.063 


580 336400 | 195112000 | 24.083 
581 337561 | 196122941 | 24.104 
582 338724 | 197137368 | 24.125 
583 339889 | 198155287 | 24.145 
584 341056 | 199176704 | 24.166 


585 342225 | 200201625 | 24.187 
586 343396 | 201230056 | 24.207 
587 344569 | 202262003 | 24.228 
588 345744 | 203297472 | 24.249 .378 | 1847.26 | 271546.70 
589 346921 | 204336469 | 24.269 .383 | 1850.40 |} 272471.12 


———  -— ce 


COCO C000 00 «(COMO COMO COOH OOOO CHOON CC OOOMHCMOOO OOO 
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196 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 





| a | | | 


348100 
349281 
350464 
351649 
352836 


354025 
355216 
356409 
357604 
358801 


360000 
361201 
362404 
363609 
364816 


366025 
367236 
368449 
369664 
370881 


372100 
373321 
374544 
375769 
376996 


378225 
379456 
380689 
381924 
383161 


384400 
385641 
386884 
388129 
389376 


390625 
391876 
393129 
394384 
395641 


205379000 
206425071 
207474688 
208527857 
209584584 


210644875 
211708736 
212776173 
213847192 
214921799 


216000000 
217081801 
218167208 
219256227 
220348864 


221445125 
222545016 
223648543 
224755712 
225866529 


226981000 
228099131 
229220928 
230346397 
231475544 


232608375 
233744896 
234885113 
236029032 
237176659 


238328000 
239483061 
240641848 
241804367 
242970624 


244140625 
245314376 
246491883 
247673152 
248858189 





[o ollo le lo He Mammo ole ole He Ho ommmme He ole ole He Hamme he ole ole le me Me Me oe he Me 0 ole oe ole Me M0 oo oe oo Me oo oe oe oo.) 


Circle 
Circum. Area 
1853.54 | 273397. 
1856.68 | 274324. 
1859.82 | 275253. 
1862.96 | 276184. 
1866.11 | 277116. 
1869.25 | 278050. 
1872.39 | 278985. 
187553. 162799227 
1878.67 | 280861. 
1881.81 | 281801. 
1884.96 | 282743. 
1888.10 | 283686. 
1891.24 | 284631. 
1894.38 | 285577. 
1397 252 1 2SOo25. 
1900.66 | 287475. 
1903.81 288426. 
1906.95 | 289379. 
1910.09 | 290333. 
1913.23 | 291289. 
1916.37 | 292246. 
1919.51 | 293205. 
1922.65 | 294166. 
1925.80 | 295128. 
1928.94 | 296091. 
1932.08 | 297057. 
1935.22 | 298024. 
1938.36 | 298992. 
1941.50 | 299962. 
1944.65 | 300933. 
1947.79 | 301907. 
1950.93 | 302881. 
1954.07 | 303857. 
1957.21 | 304835. 
1960.35 | 305815. 
1963.50 | 306796. 
1966.64 | 307778. 
1969.78 | 308762. 
1972.92 | 309748. 
1976.06 | 310735. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 197 








Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 





Number Square Cube Circle 
or Square Cube Root Root 
Diam. Circum. Area 


ef | a | | 


.573 | 1979.20 | 311724.53 
Odie | MLOSZ Soules] 2 14902 
.582 | 1985.49 | 313706.88 
.586 | 1988.63 | 314700.40 
.991 | 1991.77 | 315695.50 


.595 | 1994.91 | 316692.17 
.600 |} 1998.05 | 317690. 42 
.604 | 2001.19 | 318690. 23 
.609 | 2004.34 | 319691 .61 
.613 | 2007.48 | 320694.56 


.618 | 2010.62 | 321699.09 
.622 | 2013.76 | 322705.18 
.627 | 2016.90 | 323712.85 
.631 | 2020.04 | 324722.09 
.636 | 2023.19 | 325732.89 


.640 | 2026.33 | 326745.27 
.645 | 2029.47 | 327759.22 
.649 | 2032.61 | 328774.74 
.654 | 2035.75 | 329791 .83 
330810 .49 


.662 | 2042.04 | 331830.72 
.667 | 2045.18 | 332852 .53 
.671 | 2048.32 | 333875.90 
.676 | 2051.46 | 334900.85 
.680 | 2054.60 | 335927.36 


.685 | 2057.74 | 336955.45 
.689 | 2060.88 | 337985.10 
.693 | 2064.03 | 339016.33 
.698 | 2067.17 | 340049.13 
.702 | 2070.31 | 341083.50 


.707 | 2073.45 | 342119.44 
.711 | 2076.59 | 343156.95 
.715 | 2079.73 | 344196.03 
.720 | 2082.88 | 345236.69 
.724 | 2086.02 | 346278.91 


.729 | 2089.16 | 347322.70 
.733 | 2092.30 | 348368 .07 
.737 | 2095.44 | 349415 .00 
.742 | 2098.58 | 350463.51 
146 1 2101773 \ 351513759 


630 396900 | 250047000 | 25.100 
631 398161 | 251239591 | 25.120 
632 -399424 | 252435968 | 25.140 
633 400689 | 253636137 | 25.160 
634 401956 | 254840104 | 25.179 


635 403225 | 256047875 | 25.199 
636 404496 | 257259456 | 25.219 
637 405769 | 258474853 | 25.239 
638 407044 | 259694072 | 25.259 
639 408321 | 260917119 | 25.278 


640 409600 | 262144000 | 25.298 
641 410881 | 263374721 | 25.318 
642 412164 | 264609288 | 25.338 
643 413449 | 265847707 | 25.357 
644 414736 | 267089984 | 25.377 | 


645 416025 | 268336125 | 25.397 
646 417316 | 269585136 | 25.417 
647 418609 | 270840023 | 25.436 
648 419904 | 272097792 | 25.456 
649 421201 | 273359449 | 25.476 


650 422500 | 274625000 | 25.495 
651 423801 | 275894451 | 25.515 
652 425104 | 277167808 | 25.534 
653 426409 | 278445077 | 25.554 
654 427716 | 279726264 | 25.573 


655 429025 | 281011375 | 25.593 
656 430336 | 282300416 | 25.613 
657 431649 | 283593393 | 25.632 
658 432964 | 284890312 | 25.652 
659 434281 | 286191179 | 25.671 


660 435600 | 287496000 | 25.691 
661 436921 | 288804781 | 25.710 
662 438244 | 290117528 | 25.729 
663 439569 | 291434247 | 25.749 
664 440896 | 292754944 | 25.768 


665 442225 | 294079625 | 25.788 
666 443556 | 295408296 | 25.807 
667 444899 | 296740963 | 25.826 
668 446224 | 298077632 | 25.846 
669 447561 | 299418309 | 25.865 


COC}OCOCOCO COM OOMOOH MOO KOMH MOOK MH MMO MKK MOK MOK KOKOKO wMKOKMK oO 
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198 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 














Number Square Cube Circle 
or Square Cube Root Root | |——_—_—_—_—_— 
Diam Circum. Area 


1190 | 2104087 | 352565. 24 
oon 2 LOSP OtaieS 5S OLS. 45 
1994) 2ZI1IIe 15} 354673524 
.763 | 2114.29 | 355729.60 
.768 | 2117.43 | 356787.54 


TAIZ e211 20K oS alesorosIeOs 
LOM ZUZS i 22 les IOOO Se AL 
.781 | 2126.86 | 359970.75 
.785 | 2130.00 | 361034.97 
.789 | 2133.14 | 362100.75 


.794 | 2136.28 | 363168.11 
.798 | 2139.42 | 364237.04 
.802 | 2142.57 | 365307.54 
.807 | 2145.71 | 366379.60 
.811 | 2148.85 | 367453.24 


.815 | 2151.99 | 368528.45 
.819 | 2155.13 | 369605 .23 
.824 | 2158.27 | 370683 .59 
.829 | 2161.42) 371763), 51 
372845 .00 


FOSHAN Eel OOM ES O2 oROd 
.841 | 2170.84 | 375012.70 
.845 | 2173.98 | 376098.91 
.849 | 2177.12 | 377186.68 
.854 | 2180.27 | 378276.03 


.858 | 2183.41 | 379366.95 
.862 | 2186.55 | 380459.44 
.866 | 2189.69 | 381553.50 
.871 | 2192.83 | 382649.13 
.8tid) | 2195.97 | 383746. 33 


.879 | 2199.11 | 384845.10 
.883 | 2202.26 | 385945 .44 
.888 | 2205.40 | 387047.36 
.892 | 2208.54 | 388150.84 
.896 | 2211.68 | 389255.90 


.900 | 2214.82 | 390362 .52 
.904 | 2217.96. | 391470.72 
909 | 2221.11 | 392580.49 
-913. |) 2224.25 | 53936917. 82 
.917 | 2227.39 | 394804.73 


670 448900 | 300763000 | 25.884 
671 450241 | 302111711 | 25.904 
672 451584 | 303464448 | 25.923 
673 452929 | 304821217 | 25.942 
674 454276 | 306182024 | 25.962 


675 455625 | 307546875 | 25.981 
676 456976 | 308915776 | 26. 

677 458329 | 310288733 | 26.019 
678 459684 | 311665752 | 26.038 
679 461041 | 313046839 | 26.058 


680 462400 | 314432000 | 26.077 
681 463761 | 315821241 | 26.096 
682 465124 | 317214568 | 26.115° 
683 466489 | 318611987 | 26.134 
684 467856 | 320013504 | 26.153 


685 469225 | 321419125 | 26.173 
686 470596 | 322828856 | 26.192 
687 471969 | 324242703 | 26.211 
688 473344 | 325660672 | 26.230 
689 474721 | 327082769 | 26.249 


690 476100 | 328509000 | 26.268 
691 477481 | 329939371 | 26.287 
692 478864. | 331373888 | 26.306 
693 480249 | 332812557 | 26.325 
694 481636 | 334255384 | 26.344 


695 483025 | 335702375 | 26.363 
696 484416 | 337153536 | 26.382 
697 485809 | 338608873 | 26.401 
698 487204 | 340068392 | 26.420 
699 488601 | 341532099 | 26.439 


700 490000 | 343000000 | 26.458 
701 491401 | 344472101 | 26.476 
702 492804 | 345948408 | 26.495 
703 494209 | 347428927 | 26.514 
704 495616 | 348913664 | 26.533 


705 497025 | 350402625 | 26.552 
706 498436 | 351895816 | 26.571 
707 499849 | 353393243 | 26.590 
708 501264 | 354894912 | 26.608 
709 502681 | 356400829 | 26.627 


COMmOCCK00 MOM NmMMO MMO OKM KH Com coomon MC (o-oo ole le cle oem <0 clo 20 oe 2) 00 CO 00 00 09 
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a 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK Wes) 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cub 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 








































Number Square Cube Circle 
or Square Cube Root Root = |——--_—_ 
Diam Circum. Area 


2230593) OOD 9Lo 2k 
2233-Of || 39703526 
2236.81 | 398152 .89 
2239.96 | 399272 .08 
2243.10 | 400392 .84 


2246.24 | 401515.17 
2249.38 | 402639.08 
2252.52 | 403764.56 
2255.66 | 404891 .60 
2258.81 | 406020.22 


2261.95 | 407150.41 
2265.09 | 408282.17 
2268.23 | 409415.50 
2271.37 | 410550.40 
2274.51 | 411686.87 


2277.65 | 412824.91 
2280.80 | 413964.52 
2283.94 | 415105.71 
2287.08 | 416248 .46 
2290.22 | 417392.79 


2293.36 | 418538.68 
2296.50 | 419686.15 
2299.65 | 420835.19 
2302.79 | 421985.79 
2305.93 | 423137 .97 


2309.07 | 424291.72 
2312.21 | 425445.04 
2315.35 | 426603 .94 
2318.50 | 427762.40 
2321.64 | 428922 .43 


2324.78 | 430084.03 
2327.92 | 431247.21 
2331.06 | 432411.95 
2334.20 | 433578.27 
2337.34 | 434746.16 


2340.49 | 435915.62 
2343.63 | 437086.64 
2346.77 | 438259.24 
2349.91 | 439433 .41 
PESOS 440609. 


710 504100 | 357911000 | 26.646 
fake | $05521 | 359425431 | 26.665 
A 506944 | 360944128 | 26.683 
713 508369 | 362467097 | 26.702 
714 509796 | 363994344 | 26.721 


HS) S112255 nS 05525875) 1826. 740 
716 512656 | 367061696 | 26.758 
HLih 514089 | 368601813 | 26.777 
718 515524 | 370146232 | 26.796 
719 516961 | 371694959 | 26.814 


720 518400 | 373248000 | 26.833 
ded 519841 | 374805361 | 26.851 
IZ. 521284 | 376367048 | 26.870 
723 522729 | 377933067 | 26.889 
724 524176 | 379503424 | 26.907 


725 525625 | 381078125 | 26.926 
726 527076 | 382657176 | 26.944 
727 528529 | 384240583 | 26.963 
728 529984 | 385828352 | 26.982 
729 531441 | 387420489 | 27. 


730 532900 | 389017000 | 27.019 
TS 534361 | 390617891 | 27.037 
432 535824 | 392223168 | 27.056 
133 537289 | 393832837 | 27.074 
734 538756 | 395446904 | 27.092 


735 540225 | 397065375 | 27.111 
736 541696 | 398688256 | 27.129 
737 543169 | 400315553 | 27.148 
738 544644 | 401947272 | 27.166 
739 546121 | 403583419 | 27.185 


740 547600 | 405224000 | 27.203 
741 549081 | 406869021 | 27.221 
742 550564 | 408518488 | 27.240 
743 552049 | 410172407 | 27.258 
744 553536 | 411830784 | 27.276 


745 555025 | 413493625 | 27.295 
746 556516 | 415160936 | 27.313 
747 . | 558009 | 416832723 | 27.331 
748 559504 | 418508992 | 27.350 
561001 | 420189749 





OOo wovwo Kook ok ok\e) WOOO 0 wonowowos \© 0 00 00 00 Co 00 00 00 00 co 00 00 CO 00 COCO 00 CO 00 
a : 
(=) 
ns 





200 


Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 








Number 


562500 
564001 
565504 
567009 
568516 


570025 
571536 
573049 
574564 
576081 


577600 
579121 
580644 
582169 
583696 


585225 
586756 
588289 
589824 
591361 


592900 
594441 
595984 
597529 
599076 


600625 
602176 
603729 
605284 
606841 


608400 
609961 
611524 
613089 
614656 


616225 
617796 
619369 
620944 
622521 


421875000 
423564751 
425259008 
426957777 
428661064 


430368875 
432081216 
433798093 
435519512 
437245479 


438976000 
440711081 
442450728 
444194947 
445943744 


447697125 
449455096 
451217663 
452984832 
454756609 


456533000 
458314011 
460099648 
461889917 
463684824 


465484375 
467288576 
469097433 
470910952 
472729139 


474552000 
476379541 
478211768 
480048687 
481890304 


483736625 
485587656 
487443403 
489303872 
491169069 


WOOOOOD OOOOH OOOOmM, OOoonoo ODowonono wowonovnwnw wowonownno wowowowrs 


Doh 
.240 


Circle 
Circum. Area 
2356.19 | 441786. 
2359.34 | 442965. 
2362.48 | 444145. 
2365.62 | 445327. 
2368.76 | 446511. 
2371.90 | 447696. 
2375.04 | 448883. 
2378.19 | 450071. 
2381.33 A51201), 
2384.47 | 452452. 
2387.61 | 453645. 
2390.75 | 454840. 
2393.89 | 456036. 
2397.04 | 457234. 
2400.18 | 458433. 
2403.32 | 459634. 
2406.46 | 460837. 
2409.60 | 462041. 
2412.74 | 463246. 
2415.88 | 464453. 
2419.03 | 465662. 
ZA2Z2 AG 466872. 
2425.31 | 468084. 
2428.45 | 469298. 
2431.59 | 470513. 
2434.73 | 471729. 
2437.88 | 472947. 
2441.02 | 474167. 
2444.16 | 475388. 
2447.20 | 476611. 
2450.44 | 477836. 
2453.58 | 479062. 
2456.73 | 480289. 
2459.87 | 481518. 
2463.01 | 482749. 
2466.15 |} 483981. 
2469.29 | 485215. 
2472.43 | 486451. 
2475.58 | 487688. 
2478.72 | 488926. 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





201 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 








Square 


624100 
625681 
627624 
628849 
630436 


632025 
633616 
635209 
636804 
638401 


640000 
641601 
643204 
644809 
646416 


648025 
649636 
651249 
652864 
654481 


656100 
657721 
659344 
660969 
662596 


664225 
665856 
667489 
669124 
670761 


672400 
674041 
675684 
677329 
678976 


680625 
682276 
683929 
685584 
687241 





493039000 
494913671 
496793088 
498677257 
500566184 


502459875 
504358336 
506261573 
508169592 
510082399 


512000000 
513922401 
515849608 
$17781627- 
519718464 


521660125 
523606616 
525557943 
527514112 
529475129 


531441000 
533411731 
535387328 
537367797 
539353144 


541343375 
543338496 
545338513 
547343432 
549353259 


551368000 
553387661 
$55412248 
557441767 
559476224 


561515625 
563559976 
565609283 
567663552 
569722789 





Circle 
Circum. Area 
2481.86 | 490166.99 
2485.00 | 491408.71 
2488.14 | 492651.99 
2491.28 | 493896.85 
2494.42 | 495143.28 
2497.57 | 496391 .27 
2500.71 | 497640.84 
2503.85 | 498891 .98 
2506.99 | 500144.69 
2510.13 | 501398.97 
2513.27 | 502654.82 
2516.42 | 503912.25 
25491556) 55051 71,24 
2522.70 | 506431.80 
2525.84 | 507693 .94 
2528.98 | 508957 .64 
DOO 2k, 510222 .92 
O53 5a2 7 Ola SOs 
2D5SSn4i) [pol 2755610) 
2541.55 | 514028.18 
2544.69 | 515299.74 
2547 .83 §16572.87 
2550.97 517847 .57 
2554.11 519123. 84 
2557.26 | 520401 .68 
2560.40 | 521681.10 
2563.54 | 522692 .08 
2566.68 | 524244.63 
2569.82 §25528.76 
2572.96 | 526814.46 
2576011 | 52810073 
2579.25 | 529390.56 
2582.39 | 530680.97 
2585.53 531972 .95 
2588.67 | 533266.50 
2591.81 | 534561 .62 
2594.96 | 535858.32 
2598.10 | 537156.58 
2601.24 | 538456.41 
2604.38 | 539757.82 


a 


202 


Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Roots, Circumferences and Areas 





Number 


—$—_—_ | |_| | 


688900 
690561 
692224 
693889 
695556 


697225 
698896 
700569 
702244 
703921 


705600 
707281 
708964 
710649 
712336 


714025 
715716 
717409 
719104 
720801 


722500 
724201 
725904 
727609 
729316 


731025 
732736 
734449 
736164 
737881 


739600 
741321 
743044 
744769 
746496 


748225 
749956 
751689 
753424 
755161 


571787000 
573856191 
575930368 
578009537 
580093704 


582182875 
584277056 
586376253 
588480472 
590589719 


592704000 
594823321 
596947688 
599077107 
601211584 


603351125 
605495736 
607645423 
609800192 
611960049 


614125000 
616295051 
618470208 
620650477 
622835864 


625026375 
627222016 
629422793 
631628712 
633839779 


636056000 
638277381 
640503928 
642735647 
644972544 


647214625 
649461896 
651714363 
653972032 
656234909 


WOOWOO WOWOWWOO WOWOWOWOMO OWOWUWH OOWOKOH OOOOO OONOonq OOwooos 


541060. 
542365. 
543671. 
544979. 
546288. 


547599. 
548911. 
550225. 
951541. 
§52858. 


554176. 
555497. 
556819. 
558142. 
559467. 


560793. 
SO21225 
563451. 
564782. 
‘566115. 


567450. 
568786. 
3/0123) 
571462. 
572803. 


574145. 
575489. 
576834. 
DROUSIE 
579530. 


580880. 
582232. 
583585. 
584940. 
586296. 


587654 
589014 
590375 


SOL Sie 


593102 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


203 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 


Square 


756900 
758641 
760384 
762129 
763876 


765625 
767376 
769129 
770884 
772641 


774400 
776161 
777924 
779689 
781456 


783225 
784996 
786769 
788544 
790321 


792100 
793881 
795664 
797449 
799236 


801025 
802816 
804609 
806404 
808201 


810000 
811801 
813604 
815409 
817216 


819025 
820836 
822649 
824464 
826281 


658503000 
660776311 
663054848 
665338617 
667627624 


669921875 
672221376 
674526133 
676836152 
679151439 


681472000 
683797841 
686128968 
688465387 
690807104 


693154125 
695506456 
697864103 
700227072 
702595369 


704969000 
707347971 
709732288 
712121957 
714516984 


716917375 
719323136 
721734273 
724150792 
726572699 


729000000 
731432701 
733870808 
736314327 
738763264 


741217625 
743677416 
746142643 
748613312 
751089429 


WOOHOO OOCOOO OOCOOO OOOOO OOWOOO ODOOOO ODOOOoo wonowwrsd 


Circle 


Circum. 








Area 


594467. 
595835. 
597204. 
598574. 
599946. 


601320. 
602695. 
604072. 
605450. 
606830. 


608212. 
609595. 
610980. 
612366. 
613754. 


615143. 
616534. 
617926. 
619321. 
620716. 


622113. 
623512. 
624913. 
626314. 
627718. 


629123. 
630530. 
631938. 
633348. 
634759. 


636172. 
637587. 
639003. 
640420. 
641839. 


643260. 
644683. 
646107. 
647532. 
648959. 


204 


Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 


| | | 


828100 
829921 
831744 
833569 
835396 


837225 
839056 
840889 
842724 
844561 


846400 
848241 
850084 
851929 
853776 


855625 
857476 
859329 
861184 
863041 


864900 
866761 
868624 
870489 
872356 


874225 
876096 
877969 
879844 
881721 


883600 
885481 
887364 
889249 
891136 


893025 
894916 
896808 
898704 
900601 


753571000 
756058031 
758550825 
761048497 
763551944 


766060875 
768575296 
771095213 
773620632 
776151559 


778688000 
781229961 
783777448 
786330467 
788889024 


791453125 
794022776 
796597983 
799178752 
801765089 


804357000 
806954491 
809557568 
812166237 
814780504 


817400375 
820025856 
822656953 
825293672 
827936019 


830584000 
833237621 
835896888 
838561807 
841232384 


843908625 
846590536 
849278123 
851971392 
654670349 


OCOOOCOH OOCGCOD OOOOO OCOOOCOO OOOOO OOOOH OOCOO OOowoorsd 


Circle 
Circum. Area 
2858.85 | 650388. 
2861.99 | 651818. 
2865.13 | 653250. 
2868.27 | 654683. 
2871.42 | 656118. 
2874.56 | 657554. 
2877.70 | 658993. 
2880.84 | 660432. 
2883.98 | 661873. 
2887.12 | 663316. 
2890.27 | 664761. 
2893.41 666206. 
2896.55 | 667654. 
2899.69 | 669103. 
2902.83 | 670554. 
2905.97 | 672006. 
2909.11 673460. 
2912.26 | 674915. 
2915.40 | 676372. 
2918.54 | 677830. 
2921.68 | 679290. 
2924.82 680752. 
2927.96 | 682215. 
2931.11 683680. 
2934.25 685146. 
2937.39 | 686614. 
2940.53 | 688084. 
2943.67 | 689555. 
2946.81 691027. 
2949.96 | 692502. 
2953.10 | 693977. 
2956.24 | 695455. 
2959.38 | 696934. 
2962.52 | 698414. 
2965.66 | 699896. 
2968.81 | 701380. 
2971.95 | 702865. 
2975.09 | 704352. 
2978.23 705840. 
2981.37 | 707330. 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 205 





Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 


Number Square Cube Circle 


or Square Cube Root Root =|——__-__—— 
Diam. Circum. Area 


| | Sf fF J 


950 902500 | 857375000 | 30.822 
951 904401 | 860085351 | 30.838 
952 906304 | 862801408 | 30.855 
953 908209 | 865523177 | 30.871 
954 910116 | 868250664 | 30.887 


955 912025 | 870983875 | 30.903 
956 913936 | 873722816 | 30.919 
957 915849 | 876467493 | 30.935 
958 917764 | 879217912 | 30.952 
959 919681 | 881974079 | 30.968 


960 921600 | 884736000 | 30.984 
961 923521 | 887503681 | 31. 

962 925444 | 890277128 | 31.016 
963 927369 | 893056347 | 31.032 
964 929296 | 895841344 | 31.048 


965 931225 | 898632125 | 31.064 
966 933156 | 901428696 | 31.081 
967 935089 | 904231063 | 31.097 
968 937024 | 907039232 | 31.113 
969 938961 | 909853209 | 31.129 


970 940900 | 912673000 | 31.145 
971 942841 | 915498611 | 31.161 
972 944784 | 918330048 | 31.177 
973 946729 | 921167317 | 31.193 
974 948676 | 924010424 | 31.209 


975 950625 | 926859375 | 31.225 
976 952576 | 929714176 | 31.241 
977 954529 | 932574833 | 31.257 
978 956484 | 935441352 | 31.273 
979 958441 | 938313739 | 31.289 


980 960400 | 941192000 | 31.305 
981 962361 | 944076141 | 31.321 
982 964324 | 946966168 | 31.337 
983 966289 | 949862087 | 31.353 
984 968256 | 952763904 | 31.369 


.831 | 2984.51 | 708821.84 
.834 | 2987.65 | 710314.88 
.837 | 2990.80 | 711809.50 
.841 | 2993.94 | 713305 .68 
.844 | 2997.08 | 714803 .43 


.848 | 3000.22 | 716302 .76 
.851 | 3003.36 | 717803 .66 
.855 | 3006.50 | 719306.12 
.858 | 3009.65 | 720810.16 
-861 | 3012.79 |} 722315.77 


7865, | 3085.93 | -723822.95 
.868 | 3019.07 | 725331.70 
ES2 e302 2a 21a bh i268427-02 
-875 | 3025-39 | 728353..91 
.879 | 3028.50 | 729867.37 


.882 | 3031.64 | 731382.40 
.885 | 3034.78 | 732899.01 
.889 | 3037.92 | 734417.18 
.892 | 3041.06 | 735936.93 
.896 | 3044.20 | 737458.24 


.899 | 3047.34 | 738981 .13 
.902 | 3050.49 | 740505 .59 
.906 |,3053.63 | 742031.62 
.909 | 3056.77 | 743559.22 
.913 | 3059.91 | 745088.39 


.916 | 3063.05 | 746619.13 
.919 | 3066.19 | 748151.44 
.923 | 3069.34 | 749685 .32 
.926 | 3072.48 | 751220.78 
.930 | 3075.62 | 752757.80 


.933 | 3078.76 | 754296.40 
.936 | 3081.90 | 755836.56 
.940 | 3085.04 | 757378.30 
.943 | 3088.19 | 758921.61 
.946 | 3091.33 | 760466.48 


.950 | 3094.47 | 762012 .93 
.953 | 3097.61 | 763560.95 
£957 | 3100.75 | 765110754 
.960 | 3103.89 | 766661.70 
.963 | 3107.04 | 768214.44 


985 970225 | 955671625 | 31.385 
986 972196 | 958585256 | 31.401 
987 974169 | 961504803 | 31.417 
988 976144 | 964430272 | 31.433 
989 978121 | 967361669 | 31.448 


COWOOOD WOOWWOO ODOOWOO WOWOWOWODOD OWONMOOO OOOOH OOOOoog OoOowors 





206 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 











Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube 


Roots, Circumferences and Areas 








Number Square Cube Circle 
or Squares Cube Root Root PaO salads TEN By a ge So 
Diam. Circum. Area 





.967 3110.18] 769768.74 
.970 Sisco? otek 
.973 3116.46} 772882 .06 
.977 3119.60) 774441 .07 
.980 3122.74) 776001 .66 


.983 3125.88] 777563 .82 
987 3129.03) 779127 .54 
.990 3132.17| 780692 .84 
.993 SHES) isi CRSVAPSIE) 7711 
.997 3138.45! 783828.15 
3141.59] 785398 .16 


990 980100, 970299000) 31.464 
991 982081| 973242271| 31.480 
992 984064| 976191488) 31.496 
993 986049} 979146657] 31.512 
994 988036] 982107784) 31.528 


995 990025] 985074875) 31.544 
996 992016) 988047936) 31.560 
997 994009) 991026973) 31.575 
998 996004| 994011992) 31.591 
999 998001} 997002999} 31.607 
1000 1000000!1000000000! 31.623 





SCOooonnon wooovrsd 


— 


To Find the Square Root or Cube Root of Large Numbers not 
* Contained in the ‘‘Number’”’ Column of the Table. ; 


It is often possible to find the number in question in the 
“square” or “‘cube’’ column. The root is then found opposite 
in the ‘‘number’’ column. ‘Thus, if the square root of 21,025 is 
required, we find this number in the column of squares as being 
the square of 145. For the cube root of 3,048,625, we find that 
number in the cube column as being the cube of 145. 


If the exact number in question cannot be located in the column 
of squares or cubes, as the case may be, the nearest number may 
be taken and the square root or cube root of that number used if 
absolute accuracy is not required. 


Another easy method which may be used where possible is to 
bring the number within range of the table (below 1,000) by 
dividing it by some perfect square (4, 9, 16, 100, etc.) or cube 
(8, 27, 64, etc.). Then multiply the tabular root by 2, 3 or 4 
for the final answer. 


Square Root 


EXTRACTING THE SQUARE ROOT.—To find the square 
root of 53,112.689 point off the number in two-figure groups to 
the left and right, from the decimal point, i.e., 5,31,12.68,9. Each 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 207 





Square Root—Continued | 


single figure at the extremes will form a group as 5 and 9 above. 
Forget the decimal point and consider only the groups until 
finished with the calculations. The resultant will have one figure 
for each group, three to the left and two totheright of the decimal 
point: 000.00. 


5,31,12.68,9) 230.46 
4 


2x20=40 131 
(40+3)X3=1 29 
23X%20=460 212 
(460+0) X0= 0.00 
230X20=4600 21268 
(4600+4)X4= 18416 
2304 X 20 = 46,080 28 52 90 
(46080+6)X6= 276516 
87 74 





Starting with the group at the extreme left, 5, find the greatest 
whole number, the square of which does not exceed the value of 
this group. Thus 2 is the first number of the root. Subtract 
the square of 2 (=4) from the left hand group and bring down the 
next group and annex it to the remainder, making a new group, 
131% 


Multiply the figure of the root thus obtained (2) by the con- 
stant 20, (2*20=40) and divide this product into the number 
131. Thus 3 is the trial number for the second figure of the root. 
Add 3 to the product and multiply the new number (43) by 3 to 
obtain the product 129. If this product were greater than 131 
our trial figure would have to be selected one unit smaller. 


Multiply the figures of the root thus far obtained (23) by the 
constant 20 and determine how many times this number 
(23 X 20 =460) is contained in 212. It is seen to be greater than 
212 and will be contained in it less than 1 time. We therefore 
place 0 as the third figure of the root, and bring down the next 
group. Then 23020 =4600 which is contained in 21268 four 
times. (4600+4)xX4=18416. Then four is the fourth figure of 
the root. . 


Proceed as above until the desired degree of accuracy, is 
reached. If enough figures are not given in the number, add as 
many ciphers (00) after the decimal point as required to give the 
desired number of decimal places in the root. 


208 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Cube Root 


EXTRACTING THE CUBE ROOT.—To find the cube root 
of 93,311,268.71, point off the number in three figure groups each 
way from the decimal point. The root will contain one figure for 
each group; in this case, three to the left and one to the right of 


the decimal point. 
93,311,268.71/453.5 
4X44 =64 / 
42 300 =4,800 29,311 
42 300X5+4X30X52+53=27, 125 
452 300 =607,500 2,186,268 

452 X 300 X3 +45 X 30 X 32+33= 1,834,677 __ 
4532 300 = 61,562,700 351,591,710 
4532 X 300 X5+453 X30 52+53= 308,153,375 
43,437,345 


Consider first the group on the extreme left, 93. Determine 
the largest whole number, the cube of which does not exceed this 
group. This number (4) is the first figure of the root. Subtract 
the cube of 4 from the group 93, leaving 29. Bring down the next 
group. 

Multiply the square of the figure in the root already determined 
by the constant 300 (42 300 =4800). This gives a trial divisor. 
Determine how many times this divisor will be contained in the 
number 29,311. This gives a trial figure for the second figure of 
the root. 





Subtract from 29,311, or similar number in subsequent opera- 
tions, the sum of the following products: 


1. The square of that part of the root already obtained, 
except the last figure, multiplied by the constant 300 and by the 
last number of the root: 423005. 


2. The figure or figures already obtained in the root except 
the last one, multiplied by the constant 30 and by the square of 
the last number of the root: 43052. 


3. The cube of the last number of the root: 5°. 


If this sum is larger than 29,311, it indicates the trial figure is 
too large and another trial figure one unit smaller must be taken. 


After subtracting thissum (27,125) from 29,311, bring down the 
next group of figures and proceed with the operation again. This 
is repeated until the desired degree of accuracy is reached. If 
the number is not sufficient to give an accurate root, add as many 
ciphers (000) as desired to the right of the decimal point of the 
power and bring them down when needed in groups of three. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 209 








Interest 


Bank Interest; 360-Day Year 


Example for using tables—Find the interest on $160.00 for 120 
days at 6 per cent. 
Refer to 6 per cent table. 


In the column for 100 days. 
The 100 dollar line gives $1.67. 
The 20 dollar line gives $1.00. 


In the column for 20 days. 


The 100 dollar line gives .33. 
The 20 dollar line gives .20. 


Totals—120 days—$160.00 = $3.20, interest at 6%. 


Interest at rates not covered by the following tables may often 
be computed fromthe tables. For example: 
344% = 0f 7%; 4% =144018%3 44% =% of 6%, or 9/10 of 5%. 
EXAMPLE.—Find interest on $250.00 for 90 days at 314%. 
From 7% Table: 


$200.00 for 90 days = $3.50 
50.00 for 90 days=_.90 


250.00 for 90 days = $4.40 at 7% 
$4.40 +2 =$2.20, interest at 314% 


514% =(5%16%) +2; 64%% =(6%47&) +2; 
144% =(1% 48%) +2 
EXAMPLE.—Find interest on $3,333.00 for 200 days at 514%. 
From 5% table: 


$3000.00 for 200 days = $83.33 
300.00 for 200 days= 8.33 
30.00 for 200 days= __—-.83 
3.00 for 200 days= __—-«.08 





3333.00 for.200 days =$92.57 at 5% 


From 6% table 
$3000.00 for 200 days = $100.00 
300.00 for 200 days= 10.00 
30.00 for 200 days= _— 1.00 
3.00 for 200 days = .10 


$3333.00 for 200 days =$111.10 at 6% 
($92.57 -+111.10) +2 =$101.84, interest at 51444. 


I 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


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GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Discount Equivalents 


215 


To find a net price, multiply list price by the decimal net 
equivalent of the given discount. 
EXAMPLE.—What will be the net price if a discount of 
40-10-10-5 is allowed on a list price of $65.00? 
SOLUTION.—In the column for Leading Discount 40, and in 
the horizontal line for Supplementary Discount 10-10-5 at the 
left, find the decimal net equivalent .4617. 


= $30.01, the net. price. 


Then $65.00 .4617 





Supplementary 
Discount 


10-10-5-21% 
10-10-10 
10-10-10-10 
10-10-10-10-5 


15 
15-214 
15-5 
15-10 


20 
20-5 
20-10 
20-10-5 


25 
25-5 
25-10 
25-10-5 


Leading Discount 





20 | 30 | 40 








50 


Decimal Net Equivalent 














60 





.6825 
. 6650 


. 6484 
.6318 
. 6300 
.6143 


.5985 
vbyeh ss 
.5670 
.5387 


253 
.5103 
.4593 
.4363 


Avil 
. 9801 
2022 
$5395 


. 5600 
.5320 
. 9040 
.4788 


po Z00 
.4987 
4725 
.4488 





. 5850 
.5700 


ey! 
. 5415 
. 5400 
.5265 


pou 
. 9002 
.4860 
4617 


.4502 
4374 
3g. 
.3740 


.5100 
.4972 
4845 
.4590 


.4800 
.4560 
.4320 
.4104 


.4500 
4275 
.4050 
3847 





A875) . 
4750! . 


4631} . 
.4513) . 
.4500) . 
.4388) . 


4275} . 
.4168] . 
.4050} . 
. 3848} . 


ES1 aL Pe 
.3645| . 
. 3280} . 
est 16l-. 


.4250| . 
4144) . 
.4038} . 
. 3443} . 


.4000) . 
. 3800) . 
. 3600} . 
.3420) . 


.3750] . 
poate 
oo Tes 
S200)" 








80 


L$ 


216 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Yield on Bonds 


Average yearly income from bonds bought at various prices 
and carried to maturity. Interest payable semi-annually. 


4% Bonds 











Number of Years to Maturity 





Price 

Paid, ifoa | oP aes) eee eae oom 

Points Average ok eee a ee Return on Money Invested 
PIO RR Weenies I aiecenore lls tekceanes| tana he 22 Ole 2 A Alec O le Dat ee 
TOS ah Meee eet al TOT? SOle2 no a 2ea Sle 2Og =a mO olmom Or 
LOG Fee sits tc iiko eee. 193) 2542 2712 90 SOF eo eto one cmon es 
LOA | ae teas 195) 2261)/52,793195..13| 53520}, 3236) 29442 Go748| eon 
OD gees ere 2 EX SP Sie) Sia! Si a05)| SeOr| 70k) Sere Sees 
100 4.00} 4.00} 4.00] 4.00) 4.00} 4.00} 4.00) 4.00} 4.00) 4.00 
98 609] Se O72 4 55) e445) 459] 24S 4 eo Oe Jee 
96 8.24) 6.15] 5.46) 5.12] 4.91] 4.78) 4.71) 4.60) 4.54) 4.50 
94 10347) 7227 Ge 2205 270) 95.239) 5) TS) 02154292 i482 ea 
92 12 tie Sess be 00 Oe 245 Sia oS oro 9 noe S| poms ol onOS 
OO sobw lee te OF61|97e 80) O90 (26.371 6201! 1567 65s 50) O42) oO 
totodenn | PaPasas, ois 1O R838. 62) i536 Sim Oe4 4 Oed sieon GOl {SOO se anos 
SOBs eee 12.01] 9.46) 8.17} 7.40} 6.88) 6.52] 6.25] 6.04} 5.87 
ote Ne eS 13 .38|10.34| 8.83] 7.94] 7.34] 6.92] 6.60! 6.36] 6.16 
2 tone eu LAAT 27 S251 S249) 7782 82 14 71411..27) 9-51] 8.491 7.82) 7.33) 6.98) 6.70) 6.47 6.98] 6.70| 6.47 

Wend. fecar” cre Pena Bonds y. wares Coe Bonds 

10) Soom eran |e eee. heey oe DE31\22 S42 onl) 3259) 31595, 09 laor 
[OS Wie eae ine nee 2.23| 2.87] 3.25| 3.51] 3.69] 3.83) 3.94) 4.02 
LOGE Biliesnve: 1.93). 2.56) 3.38] 3.65). 3°87) 4.01) 4.171) 4.19) 4°26 
LOA Gane: 2.92] 3.58] 3.91] 4.11] 4.24] 4.33] 4.40] 4.46) 4.50 
102 2.96] 3.95] 4.28] 4.45] 4.55] 4.62] 4.67] 4.70] 4.73] 4 75 
100 5.00} 5.00} 5.00} 5.00} 5.00] 5.00} 5.00) 5.00} 5.00) 5.00 
98 7.10), 6.08) 5.74) 5.56) 5. 46)25240)' "52351 - 5.31) 15 228i0 5226 
96 O27 Me lSi OL4 9) 26et4 e549 5.8005. 10/52 63|or7 | aoS 
94 117552158232 e20) Oal4|56-42\) 6.211 600) SPOSinoe cOjmo Rou 
92 13.83] 9.48) 8.05! 7.35| 6.92} 6.64] 6.44] 6.29] 6.17) 6.08 
90 08 de eae 10.69] 8.86] 7.97] 7.42] 7.07] 6.82] 6.63] 6.48] 6.37 
SSie alles. 13.19} 9.71] 8.61] 7.96} 7.52] 7.22] 6.99} 6.81] 6.66 
SG: Mie ee Reel Sere a 10.56) 9.27) 8,50) 7.98) 7.62) 7.34) 7.13) 6.97 
O42 Wi eae, ee cee 11°45) 9)-94)<9..05)) 8.46) -8203))'7.72) 7.4272 a28 
oP ARES tras Morey Weert mee 12.37|10.62] 9.62] 8.94] 8.46] 8.10] 7.83] 7.60 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK eed. 





Yield on Bonds—Continued 


Average yearly income from bonds bought at various price 
and carried to maturity. Interest payable semi-annually. 





























6% Bonds 
: Number of Years to Maturity 
Fs 
aid, 
ee eee seo vam 1 8.19) RIO 
Average Yearly Percentage Return on Money Invested 
GUO: Uiecis Aro lotieays. 3 2.52) 3.31| 3.79) 4.114 4.33] 4.50] 4.63) 4.73 
HOS yg |\eeen ors 1.90} 3.18] 3.82] 4.21] 4.47] 4.65] 4.78] 4.89] 4.97 
WOE ~~ Wooree 2.88] 3.86] 4.35) 4.64] 4.83} 4.97) 5.08] 5.16] 5.22 
104 1.94) 3.90] 4.56} 4.89} 5.08] 5.22) 5.31] 5.38] 5.43] 5.48 
102 3.94] 4.94) 5.27) 5.44) 5.54] 5.60} 5.65] 5.69) 5.71] 5.73 
100 6.00} 6.00} 6.00] 6.00] 6.00} 6.00} 6.00} 6.00] 6.00) 6.00 
98 8.12] 7.09) 6.75] 6.58] 6.48] 6.41] 6.36}| 6.32] 6.30] 6.27 
96 CORSA eS 2 ieee ede lel MOROT Ors 2 | NOnr S| "Or OOl OL OO)sOn00 
94 12.56] 9.36] 8.30] 7.77) 7.46] 7.25] 7.10] 6.99} 6.91] 6.84 
92 14.90/10.57| 9.11} 8.40] 7.97] 7.69} 7.49) 7.34] 7.23} 7.13 
OL Paice oka 11.75] 9.94) 9.03] 8.50} 8.14] 7.87) 7.70) 7.55] 7.44 
SSubeiylloto eters 13 .00}10.79] 9.69} 9.03) 8.60] 8.29} 8.06] 7.88] 7.70 
SOoqs Witnias. 14.29/11 .66/10.37} 9.59] 9.08} 8.73) 8.44] 8.23] 8.06 
poke a a de Saeco ctl een cacti 12 .56)11.05|10.18) 9.56) 9.14} 8.82] 8.59] 8.39 
CP eom Blatant sell ce cpt ce 14.45]11.76|)10.75|10.07| 9.59) 9.26} 8.95] 8.73 
7% Bonds 

110 tL eG) Sieh 25, SZ eH SOs eel aloe Nl Sel © fate 
LS Se eects 2.85| 4.14) 4.78] 5.17! 5.42] 5.60] 5.74! 5.84] 5.93 
1067 5 ee. 3.85} 4.82] 5.31} 5.52! 5.85] 5.94] 6.04] 6.12] 6.19 
104 2.91] 4.87] 5.54] 5.87] 6.08] 6.19] 6.28) 6.35] 6.41! 6.45 
102 4.93] 5.93| 6.26] 6.43] 6.52] 6.59] 6.64] 6.67] 6.70) 6.72 
100 7.00] 7.00} 7.00) 7.00] 7.00) 7.00] 7.00) 7.00} 7.00) 7.00 
osae OS NOI oO POO ee A THCY) eet)! PSO) U2 
96 11330 O26) eS O42 eset Ol 997 sSol yao dn OS) sanO2 ln (eod 
94 13.61]10.40] 9.34] 8.81] 8.50} 8.29] 8.14] 8.04] 7.94] 7.88 
CE Nn otiae 11.60|/10.16] 9.44) 9.02] 8.74} 8.54} 8.39] 8.28] 8.19 
90" Haliers a3 12 .82}11.00)/10.10) 9.56] 9.20) 8.95] 8.77] 8.63) 8.50 
Some bese 14.10/11.87/10.77|10.12|-9.66] 9.37) 9.15] 8.97) 8.83 
SGE Bite) eo cecices eae 12.76/11 .46/10.68/10.18} 9.81) 9.55}) 9.33}| 9.17 
poe ae ME Noncice el eee 13 .68)12.17/11.27/10.67)10.26] 9.94) 9.71) 9.52 
S20) spars dw |e eet 14.62/12 .90/11.88/11.20/10.72|10.36|10.09| 9.87 





218 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Income from Securities 


Approximate Returns in Dividends on Stocks, or Running 
Interest on Bonds, at 4% to 10% on Par Values. 








Dividend or Interest Rate on Par Value, 100 Points 











Price 
Paid, 
Points c | = 





Loans 








Percentage Return on Money Invested 


























50 | 8.00 |10.00 | 12.00 | 14.00 | 16.00 | 18.00 | 20.00 
SST 271 DOOM TOOT 1a iS.) too LO oa) es oe 
60 | 106; 679) 285:333| 40000 Sell 267 teks 3441S DO toe G7 
65 | 6.15 | 7.69 OBSTET S212 30 overt) Soeoe 
(OS Sahih Silt 8 06/1000 dd G43 4 E286 haa 20 
N & 
Soe Oral leO OF 8.00 0 33-0 10 207 ets 00 S83 
SOF Ook a0 20 7.50 Sf Del 00 ld aS oa 
85 i 4s 7h. 1 5.588 7.06 8.24 9.41010 59°) ib 76 
90 | 4.44 | 5.56 G60 hero 8.89 | 10/00 -| Pf i1 
05 tras 2th S26 6.32 y PRR 8.42 9.47 | 10.53 
100 | 4.00 | 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 | 10.00 
TOSa-3 Sl 134.76 are! 6.67 120) eet 9.52 
L107) 3.04 1-40 S53 5.45 6.36 Tah 8.18 9.09 
115 | 3.48 | 4.35 ee 6.09 6.96 4252 8.70 
£20 7nd, Oot odd 5.00 5.83 6.67 7.50 S533 
125, 1° 3..20" | 4-00 4.80 5.60 6.40 Pea 8.00 
£30 iy 35, 03x15 aHe5 4.62 5438 6715 6.92 7.69 
135 ub 2296. | 3eu) 4.44 519 5.93 6.67 7.41 
140 | 2.86 | 3.57 4.29 5.00 oka 6.43 7.14 
145 | 2.76] 3.45 4.14 4.83 SRY: 6.21 6.90 
ESO dete Olea ato 4.00 4.67 3.00 6.00 6.67 
LOOU SR 26 SO 163003 3075 4.38 5.00 5.63 6.25 
LOU assoc eee 3353 4.12 4.71 5.29 5.88 
180 Sr 2212 48 ao 3.89 4.44 5.00 S200 
SAE lds! marae ha MN tal ave 0 ob 3.68 4.21 4.73 5.26 
ZO0% 12. OU a2a50 3.00 31.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 
225 Why eo Ge Bg Se. 2.67 ee te | 3.56 4.00 4.44 
250-711 00 41-200 2.40 2.80 3220 3.60 4.00 
DID 1455) 1282 2.18 2.59 2.91 B24 3.64 
SOQ Sak 059 al ete 2.00 2239 2207 3.00 3,90 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 249 





Postal Rates and Classifications 
Domestic Mail Matter 


Domestic mail includes matter deposited in the mails for local 
delivery or transmission from one place to another within the 
United States, or to or from the possessions of the United States. 


Domestic rates apply generally to mail sent from the United 
States to Canada, Cuba, Mexico, the Republic of Panama and 
the United States postal agency at Shanghai, China, and matter 
addressed to officers or members of the crew of vessels of war of 
the United States. 


POSTAL CARDS.—1 cent each to all parts of the United 
States, and Canada. Cards for foreign countries, within the 
postal union, 2 cents. 


LOCAL OR “DROP” LETTERS.—2 cents when there is 
carrier service, 1 cent where there is no carrier service. 


FIRST CLASS.—Letters, postal cards, post cards. (private 
mailing cards) and all matter wholly or partly in writing, whether 
sealed or unsealed, except manuscript copy accompanying proof 
sheets or corrected proof-sheets of the same and the writing 
authorized by law to be placed upon matter of other classes, and 
all matter sealed or otherwise closed against inspection. 


FORM LETTERS, if mailed in quantities of twenty or more 
at one time at a post office, can be filled in, signed and mailed 
unsealed, under third-class postage rates. 


SECOND CLASS.—Only for publishers and news agents— 
special zone rate. Newspapers and periodicals (regular second- 
class publications) can be mailed by the public at the rate of 1 
cent for each 3 ounces or fraction thereof. 


THIRD CLASS.—Printed matter, in unsealed wrappers only 
(all matter enclosed in notched envelopes must pay letter rates— 
1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof, which must be fully 
prepaid. This includes circulars, chromos, engravings, hand- 
bills, lithographs, music, pamphlets, proof-sheets and manuscript 
accompanying the same, reproductions by the electric pen, hecto- 


220 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Postal Rates and Classifications—Continued 


graph, metallograph, papyrograph, and in short any reproduc- 
tions upon paper by any process except handwriting, the copying 
press, typewriter and the neostyle process. Limit of weight, 
4 pounds. 


FOURTH CLASS.—See Parcel Post rates, following pages. 


Foreign Mail Matter 


Letters and post cards may be sent to the following countries 
at the rate of 2 cents an ounce or fraction thereof: 


Bahamas Ireland 

Barbados Leeward Islands. 

Bolivia Mexico 

British Guiana New Zealand 

British Honduras Nicaragua 

Canada Peru 

City of Shanghai, China Republic of Panama 

Columbia Scotland 

Cuba Trinidad (including Tobago) 
Dominican Republic Wales 

Dutch West Indies Windward Islands (including Gren- 
England ada, St. Vincent, The Grenadines, 
Honduras and St. Lucia) 


Postal Union Rates 
LETTERS.—5 cents for 1 ounce or fraction; 3 cents for each 
additional ounce or fraction. 


PRINTED MATTER, periodicals, circulars, books, etc.—1 
cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof. 


COMMERCIAL PAPERS, etc.—5 cents for first 10 ounces or 
raction thereof; 1 cent for each additional 2 ounces or fraction 
thereof. 

MERCHANDISE SAMPLES.—2 cents for first 4 ounces or 
fraction thereof; 1 cent for each additional 2 ounces or fraction 
thereof. 

POSTAL CARDS.—2 cents fora ats) card; 4 cents for double 


return card. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 221 





Domestic Parcel Post Rates 
In Effect March 15, 1918 


See Maps on following pages 






































me 2nd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 
Bitsy Zone Zone Zone | Zone | Zone } Zone | Zone 
Zone 50 300 600 1,000 | 1,400 all 
Toes Rate to to to to to over 
Rate 50 150 600. | 1,000 | 1,400 | 1,800 | 1,800 
miles | miles miles | miles | miles | miles | miles 
Rate Rate | Rate | Rate | Rate | Rate 
$0.05 | $0.05 | $0.05 $0.07 | $0.08 | $0.09 | $0.11 | $0.12 
.06 .06 .06 11 14 SY) .21 a2 
.06 07 .07 15 20 eS oi! 36 
07 .08 .08 19 26 33 .41 48 
.07 09 .09 320 no2 41 51 60 
.08 .10 .10 Bea | 38 49 61 72 
.08 a iba .11 sol 44 BS 71 84 
.09 spe mle?) 739 50 .65 81 96 
.09 nile) wakes: 39 56 ates 91 08 
.10 .14 .14 .43 62 .81 O1 20 
.10 ails sin) sad 68 .89 11 32 
malt! .16 .16 pawl 14 97 21 44 
ali aay ly 55 .80 05 31 56 
Bl? .18 .18 .59 .86 13 41 68 
312 .19 .19 563 .92 21 51 80 
.13 .20 .20 .67 .98 29 61 92 
hS} il 21 awl 1.04 Sif 71 04 
14 a2 Pape ss 1.10 45 81 16 
.14 5 PS; BE 79 1.16 53 91 28 
na st .24 .24 .83 1 61 01 40 
tls; 225 225 .87 1.28 69 il] 52 
.16 .26 .26 91 1.34 Ud Dt 64 
16 52d SP 295 1.40 85 31 76 
Piles .28 .28 .99 1.46 93 41 88 
.17 .29 .29 03 4752 O1 51 00 
.18 .30 .30 07 58 12 
.18 ao ou 11 71 24 

















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1. ai 
Me noe 232 aL ae ley eo ae AW, 25 81 36 
a9 33 139 71.19 | 1.76 33 91 48 
20 34 34 teas) hs Mate 41 Ol 60 
20 Aes) 39 A PATE ll at Gotoh) 49 
21 .36 36 eu! 1.94 57 21 84 
21 Self Sih 1S Sule OO 65 31 96 
22 -38 38 1300 | e200 73 41 08 
22; 7Oo. 39 1.43 | 2.12 81 51 20 
23 .40 40 AAT 21S, 89 61 32 
23 41 41 1 OLS) wee 97 71 ag 
24 .42 42 ise) |) A 5GH0, 0S 81 56 
24 .43 43 12D 92230 13 91 68 

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26 47 47 Lio) |) 2008S so" me. ok 16 
Zt .48 48 1.79 | 2.66) 3.53 | 4.41 28 
Dri .49 49 ieee | PASCPAS| elas |! Zk ei 40 
28 .50 50 tbat |) Ag Ree |p Sale? |) hate o2 
28 weit 51 AOD 284 Sid eee TL 64 
29 sey 52 1.95, | -2,.907]) 3).85. | 45st 76 
29 209 53 OTE PASS | Nee SI ee Ss 88 
30 54 54 25030} 2 3..02)\)° 4,01 [95.01 00 





Dae GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Domestic Parcel Post Rates—Continued 


See Maps on following pages 


e 


2nd 3rd 





First Zone Zone | Zone 
a ie 
SH Zone io to Parcels May Be Insured 
2 Oo} Loca ate 50 3 : 
EAt Rate 50 | miles | miles Against Damage or Loss 


miles : Rate _ Rate and 
51 | $0.30 | $0.55 | $0.55 | $1.06 











52 31 .56 56 1.08 | May Also Be Sent C. O. D. 
4 . oe ee 1 To Money Order Post Offices only 
S5_j_ +324 59 a it Insurance Rates 

pe A ps 61 1. - Value, not over $5.00.....fee 3c 
58 34 62 62 1.20 Value, not over $25.00.....fee 5c 
59 34 .63 .63 122 lue, SO°00n ae 

60 BSa1 s- 206 |) C64 4 tae tite ah ie sike os . a 
61 “a0 65 oe ce : pears as! 

62 36 .66 ; aes 

63 36 .67 67.) =4.;30 Cc. O. D. Rates 

64 37 68 68 | -1.32 (Which include insurance) 

65 37 .69 -69:| 1.34 Amount due Sender 

66 .38 70 70 | 1.36 Notover- $50.00... leee ee fee 10c 
pu ee Li ee Not over $100.00.......... fee 25c 
69 :39 73 73 \) 1,42. 

70 .40 74 74 1.44 





Parcels weighing 4 ounces or less, except books, seeds, plants, 
etc., 1 cent for each ounce or fraction thereof, any distance. 


Parcels weighing 8 ounces or less, containing books, seeds, 
cuttings, bulbs, roots, scions and plants, 1 cent for each 2 ounces 
or fraction thereof, regardless of distance. 


Parcels weighing more than 8 ounces, containing books, seeds, 
plants, etc., parcels of miscellaneous printed matter weighing 
more than 4 pounds and all other parcels of fourth-class matter 
weighing more than 4 ounces are chargeable, according to 
distance or zone, at the pound rates shown in the above table, 
a fraction of a pound being considered a full pound. 


THE LIMIT OF WEIGHT of fourth-class matter is 70 pounds 
for parcels mailed for delivery within the first, second and third 
zones, and 50 pounds for all other zones. 


LIMIT OF SIZE. Parcel post matter may not exceed 84 
inches in length and girth combined. In measuring a parcel 
the greatest distance in a straight line between the ends (but 
not around the parcel), is taken as its length, while the distance 
around the parcel at its thickest part is taken as its girth. For 
example, a parcel 35 inches long, 10 inches wide and 5 inches 
high measures 65 inches in length and girth combined. 


225 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








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228 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Population of the United States—1920 


Total—States, Territories and Possessions, 116,433,612 
States, Territories and District of Columbia 


Total 105,683,108 


Rank Rank : 
Aljbama 2. 26s ks ee 347299 Montana. sane oo 547,593 
Wilaska’ aij. tucmeroO 65,062 INebraskai. caer bt 31 1,295,502 
NTIZONA Carrels vokaeen 46 S20 215 IN@vad deus. ah fos bee 49 77,407 
INGEATICASE. ue a. ae ee 25 1,750,995 New Hampshire..... 41 443 ,083 
@ali@niniarnrsce woes 8 3,426,536 New phersey sae-i atari 10> e155 S04 
@oloradon ee fe ae 59 GO New Mexico: 7.2... 44 360,247 
Gonnecticlteneace cee 29 1,380,585 ING WO MOLK . nic ae 1 10,384,144 
IDMGlawarel fete alone 47 223,003 North CGaroling=. oe. 14 2,556,486 
Dist. Columbias®..<-- 42 437,571 INorthe Dakota ene. see 36 645,730 
lO TIGA: Cen se snare cee 32 966,296 ODIOCEEo ae one 4 5,759,368 
Geotreiaw sos... 60 eee eee oo 4,085 OElahoniage eas ees 21 2,027,564 
PAaAROMr ae cies Sacumal: 43 431,826 Oresont7e toe & anwe 34 783,389 
TG MOUS Hes nee es ee css bees 3 6,485,098 Pennsylvantae son 2 8,720,159 
Indian ad. te ae eee eo 11 2,930,544 Rhode Island..2. ...2% 38 604,397 
LOWS 5 ot Onin ee Bees 16 2,403,630 South Carolina’: ..-- 26 1,683,662 
KansSasSiaacur « satin sien 24 1,769,257 South Dakota ie sas on 635,839 
KEntuckysoe tence 15 2,416,013 Tennessee... st ee 19 2,337,459 
Ioisianayewns sere - 22 1,797,798 TEXAS cer et, een ee 5 4,661,027 
IVa TWO. esas athe) < 35 768,014 tah So ee ee 40 449 446 
Marvland jee ee 28 1,449,610 Vermott re somos coer 45 So2.42 0 
Massachusetts....... 6 3,852,356 Viroinia 2 sere. eee 20: 2,306,361 
Machida ethnic i 73067,222 Washington. 4 4u 30 1,356,316 
MiinimMeSOta sian haere 17 2,386,371 WreestaVircinta.) eee 27 1,463,610 
IMGSSiSSIDDI...2a0 «dence ee 23 1,789,384 Wisconsin. sacs 13 2,631,839 
IMISSOUTI As ).ys cretel seen 9 3,403,547 WW yO ge ce erate 48 194,402 

Possessions 
Total—10,724,453 
Gilani a cies eee eens 14,969 Philippines. stem se ee 9,101,427 
HAawallice creer mse 249,992 Porton Ricdoss rs ae We, ple O2 hos 
Panama Canal Zone Samoa and Virgin 
(1908) sco Res. eine 23,295 Isles*G1.918).2). see 33,601 
Important Cities, with Rank for Largest Fifty 

Rank { Rank 
Albany, Ney ene ore 113,344 GedareRapidsydaneno. 45,566 
Alientown,+Pae .nsee ess 73,502 (Charleston sc aG. tier 67,957 
Altoona: Pay ce.: hei 60,331 Charleston, W. Va..... 39,608 
FACE TORI er | ee etna Sp 208,435 Charlottea NG. tor 46,318 
Atlantas (Gaer ues 33 200,616 Chattanooga, Tenn.... 57,895 
Atlantic City; IN Y +s. 50,682 Chelseay Massing) sas 2 43,184 
Augusta, WGa eee sae oe 52,548 (@hestet. Pa erase. 58,030 
Baltimore, Md.2... -- 8 733,826 Chicgaco, Ueto ses 2 2,701-705 
Bayvacitye Witclie, ccm lee 47,554 Cicero BU Aas sere 44,995 
Bayonne, Negiaend-e eee 76,754 Cincinnati; OF... oor 16 401,247 
Berkeley; Call. =... sq ae 55,886 Gleveland Owes fc. S 796,836 
Bethlehem, -Pa.......5. 50,358 Columbus n@l, «ees 28 237,031 
Binghamton, N. Y..... 66,800 Covineton, Ky. eee a 57 ALS 
Birmingham, .Ala....36 178,270 Dallas Wexss sce 42 158,976 
Bostomenviass. eps: qi 748,060 Dayenport, laa. anaes 56,727 
Bridgeport, Conn. ...44 143,152 Dayton? ©. 262 totes 43 152,559 
Brockton; Mass “5.3. - 3 66,254 Decatur .lllsy 2 ae wae 43,818 
Britaloe Noy ic. . aes 506,775 Denver: Colo... soe 25 256,491 
Butte, Montana... 41,611 Des Moines, lay fos - ae 126,468 
Cambridge, Mass..... 109,694 Detroit. Mich = aves 4 993,678 
Camden, Ni J-. pe aeleee 116,309 Duluth. Minnis soe eee 98,917 


CantoneO Sennrene ss 87,091 East) Orange, N. Jia-t en : 50,587 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





220 


Population of the United States—Continued 


Important Cities—Continued 


Rank 
Bash Sta Guise len.ie.s. 
Tel Paso 4 RES. ete ok 
Elizabeth, IN xaliorra occ 
Briesba mente oahcee ao 
Evansville, Ind: 5 #-.5.. 


Fort Wayne, Ind...... 
Rott, Worth... ems. 1. 3. 
enesnomCal ees ar ate 
Galveston, Tex........ 
Gary indies Ghee scan 
Grand Rapids, Mich..48 
Hamtramek, Mich..... 
EhaLrishiures baste. © 
Hartford. Conn. - 2.40 
Haverhill,.Mass 2... 5.4. 
Highland Park, Mich... 
Romo icen ss INi« fis esa 
Holyoke, Mass........ 


Houston, Lex: 44,4245 
~*Huntington, N. is the 
Indianapolis, Ind.....21 


Wackson= Mich=.-.45<8 a: 
jacksonville, Fla....... 
Wersey) City,UN. Je... 22 
HounstOW nN bavoaeccscs 
Kalamazoo; Mich... =. «- 
Kansas Gity.akKast.. 26; 
Kansas City, Mo....19 
Knoxville, Tenn..<.... 
bakewood, Ose ca nese 
ancasters ba Sieccls 5 e 
Warisines Wich waka. ve 
Lawrence, Massa. 3. = 4 - 
TE@XINETCOMAIS Vornes olals + 
Einco se NED 4 ..6s26-. 20 
Tittle Rock, Arki:..-. ... 
bongsbeach. Calstayce - 


Los Angeles, Cal..... 10 
Louisville sKy.2%.%.: 29 
orwell: Wass. weed. ese 
evan. Viass 28 yen: 


Macon Ga satn. etre. 


Manchester, N.H..... 
MekKeesport, Pa....... 
Memphis, Tenn......40 
Milwaukee, Wis..... 13 


Minneapolis, Minn...18 
Miaiile Alas scaten. Seas). 
Montgomery, Ala...... 
Nashville, Tenn....... 
Newark, N 
New Bedford, Mass.... 
New Brittain, Conn.... 
New .Castle; Pastsio-m >. 
New Haven, Conn.. .39 
New Orleans, La..... i 
Newton, Mass......... 


66,740 
77,543 
65,682 
93,372 
85,264 
120,485 
91,599 
86,549 
106,482 
44,616 
44,255 
55,378 
137,634 
48,615 
75,917 
138,036 
53,884 


Ra 
News VorkwNa Wo Pea 
IBTONK oer eases are 
Broo kissnaa ses ae 
OUICETIS Rts eos oe 
Richmond. ann 
Niagara Falls, Seve 
ING OLK a amecie nunc 
Oakland, Gale 31 
Oklahoma City, Okla. 
Omaha, Neb. 34 
Passate< Ne] e ates. 0 cl. 
Paterson Ne Ieee. 49 
Pawtucker Role as) sn. 
PeOhian lla eee 
Philadelphia, Pa..... 3 
Pittsburehsrasee. 9 
Portland: (Veen e. ls. 
Portland. Ore 3. 4. 24 
Portsmouth, Vass... . 
Providence; Raul. 74. aT 
Hed Cine Paes ees ee 
Richmond, Va... ... Sh 
ROANOKE Vane, eae ete 
Rochester, N. 
Rocktords lili. 


Sti OSeDH, Onc. asc. 
St LOUIS: AWOe se... 


Salt Lake City, Utah... 
San Antonio, Tex....41 
Sam: Diego, Cal aes. e a. 
wan Prancisco,.cal... 12 
SaVvannalaGar so. sce 
Schenectady, N. Y..... 
SEranLonmena ee eee 47 


SlOux City slowas aaa 
Somerville, Mass....... 
South Bend, Ind....... 
spokane: Washs +... 
Springheld. Tile ne ae. 
Springfield, Mass...... 
SpLineneld hore woe 
Syracuse. Nasvewres sl. . 38 


‘Pacem. WASH oi a2 pets 


ere Haute, Ind... ¢. 


rb oledo:v-OUr eee 2. 26 


(Erentotin Neots crak 
pivilsatc@ late eee ae 
Wibicas Nee Vee ee eee 
Washington, D. C....14 
Wheeling, W. Va...... 
Wilkesbarre- peace aceon 
Wilmington, Del....... 
Winston-Salem, N.C... 
Worcester, Mass..... 35 
Vonkers, NS Yess os chee 
Youngstown, O...... 50 


5,620,048 © 
732,016 


73,828 
110,168 
48,395 
179,754 
100,176 
132,358 


230 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 








Total Coal Contents of Seams of Different 
Thicknesses © 


Short Tons 


Density of Coal Assumed as 1.28, or 
25 Cubic Feet per Ton of 2,000 Pounds 








a ee la) a ee ee 


























Tons per Depth of Undercut 
Height of 
Tons of Coal, Square | 
Coal, Sets 6 Ft. ff AR 
per Acre Foot 
Inches Tee. 
Undercut | Tons per Lineal Foot of Face 
24 3485 0.08 0.40 0.48 0.56 
28 4070 .09 47 56 65 
32 4645 ae 54 64 15 
36 $275 ZANE 60 C2 84 
40 5810 .133 .67 80 .93 
44 6390 ste) Aes) 88 1.02 
48 6970 .16 .80 96 12 
54 7840 .18 .90 1.08 1.26 
60 8715 .20 1.00 1.20 1.40 
66 9580 22 1.10 oles 1.54 
ce 10455 24 1.20 1.44 1.68 
78 11320 .26 1730 1.56 173828 
84 12210 28 1.40 1.68 1.96 
90 13070 .30 1350 1.80 sage tt) 
96 13940 12 1.60 1.92 2.24 
100 14525 £333 1.67 2.00 2,00 
104 15100 347 Das 2.08 2.42 
108 15680 36 1.80 yma Xo) OP S52 
112 16260 Bid 1.87 2.24 20 
116 16845 387 1.93 IN 2.70 
120 17425 40 2.00 2.40 2.80 
126 18295 42 2.10 te Ws 2.94 
132 19165 44 2.20 2.64 3.08 
138 20040 46 VY) 2.76 See 
144 20900 48 2.40 2.88 3.36 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 2S 








Coal Fields of the United States 


The coal areas of the United States are divided, for the sake 
of convenience, into two great divisions—anthracite and bitum- 
inous. 


The areas in which anthracite is produced are confined almost 
exclusively to the eastern part of Pennsylvania. These fields, 
which are included in the counties of Susquehanna, Lackawanna, 
Luzerne, Carbon, Schuylkill, Columbia, Northumberland, 
Dauphin and Sullivan, underlie an area of about 480 square 
miles. Two small areas in the Rocky Mountain region, Gunnis- 
son County, Colo., and Santa Fe County, N. M., have yielded 
a good quality of anthracite, though the production from these 
districts had never amounted to as much as 100,000 tons in any 
one year. Bristol, R. I., and Plymouth, Mass., have yielded 
some coal classed as anthracite. 


The bituminous and lignite fields are scattered widely over 
the United States and include an area of. something over 
496,000 square miles. The lastest classification of these coal 
areas divides them into six provinces, as follows: 


‘(1) The Eastern province: This includes all of the bitum- 
inous areas of the Appalachian region; the Atlantic coast region 
which includes the Triassic fields near Richmond, the Deep River 
and Dan River fields of North Carolina and the anthracite 
region of Pennsylvania. 


(2) The Gulf province: This includes the lignite fields of 
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas. 


(3) The Interior province: This includes all the bituminous 
areas of the Mississippi valley region and the coal fields of 
Michigan. This province is sub-divided into the eastern region, 
which embraces the coal fields of Illinois, Indiana and Western 
Kentucky; the western region, which includes the fields of Iowa, 
Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas and Oklahoma; and the 
southwestern region, which includes the coal fields of Texas. 
The Michigan fields are designated as the northern region of 
the Interior province. 


(4) The Northern or Great Plains province: This includes 
the lignite areas of N. Dakota and S. Dakota, the bituminous 
and sub-bituminous areas of northwestern Wyoming and of 
northern and eastern Montana. 


(5) The Rocky Mountain province: This includes the coal! 
fields of the mountainous districts of Montana and Wyoming 
and all the coal fields of Utah, Colorado and New Mexico. 


(6) The Pacific Coast province: This includes all of the coal 
fields of California, Oregon and Washington. 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


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234 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Coal Production in the United States 
From the Earliest Times to the Close of 1920 


So far as known the first mention of the occurrence of coal in 
the United States is made in the journal of Father Hennepin, a 
French Jesuit Missionary, who in 1679, recorded the site of a 
“cole mine”’ on the Illinois River, near the present city of Ottawa, 
Ill. The first actual mining of coal was in the Richmond Basin, 
Virginia, about 1750, although the first records of production 
from these mines are for the year 1822, when, according to one 
authority, 54,000 tons were mined. Ohio probably ranks second 
in priority of production, as coal was discovered there in 1755, 
though the records of production date back only to 1838. . 


The mining of anthracite in Pennsylvania began about 1790 
and it is said that in 1807, 55 tons were shipped to Columbia, Pa. 
Reports of the anthracite coal trade are usually begun with the 
year 1820, when 365 long tons were shipped to Philadelphia from 
the Lehigh region. Prior to this, however, in 1814, a shipment 
of 22 tons was made from Carbondale to Philadelphia, and pro- 


duction may historically be considered as dating from that year. 


Production and use of coal, both bituminous and anthracite, 
have continued from those early days at a constantly increasing 
rate until a maximum annual production of 680 million tons 
nearly, was reached in 1918. The maximum pre-war produc- 
tion occurred in 1913 when 600 million tons were produced. 
The year 1919 showed a decreased production of approximately 
20 percent as compared with the 1918 maximum. In 1920, 
however, a marked increase was noted, when about 650 million 
tons were produced or only about 4 percent less than for 1918. 


y SHORT TONS 


Ke) 
ql HLL Oe 
/\ 





3090009,,006 


299,009, coo 


Coal Production 
In the United States from 1856 to 1920 
Anthracite and Bituminous 


P71 \99,090, ooo) 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


IE Lilt 
TEEN 





236 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK _ 





World Production of Coal 


By the Important Coal-Producing Countries, 1917-1920 
In Short Tons 
U.S. Geological Survey 











Country 1917 1918 1919 1920 
United States...| 651,402,374| 678,211,904| 544,263,000| 645,563,000 
Great Britain...| 278,319,149) 255,040,328] 261,483,000] 260,922,000 
Germany....... 281,429,000| 273,930,000) 235,536,000! 282,678,000 
Austria-Hungary | b 50,000,000 (d) 2,326,000 2,823,000 
face eat b 31,847,000] b 30,864,000] 25,134,000] 28,336,000 
RMESIS Aone auton b 30,047,000 (d) (a) (a) 
Belgium...) 445 16,446,000 15,229,000] 20,544,000} 25,103,000 
Japag ees b 28,000,000] b 30,600,000] i 33,864,000] k 34,720,000 
China ea re aoe (d) (d) 25,760,000 (a) 
Anders. ke mh ge, 19,405,550 (d) 25,750,000} k 20,160,000 
Canadas. ce se 14,046,759 14,979,213] 13,900,000} 16,890,000 
New South Wales 9,290,000 10,160,000 (d (d) 
Sos ee 6,619,102 (d) 6,993,000 (a) 
Union of South 

Aircon ai: 11,628,870 11,937,682} 10,430,000] 12,524,000 
New Zealand.... 2,316,629 (d) 2,070,000 (a) . 
Hollandircihie oes 3,326,000 5,277,813| g 6,073,000] g 6,172,000 
Citthe: een Pie. (d) (d) b 1,724,000 (a) 
Queensland... 1,174,290 1,101,176 (d) (d) 
Mexico 05.01": (d) (d) 777,200 (a) 
Rurkeyie pices (d) (d) 539,000] k 784,000 
Malvina atee. coe b 2,090,000 (d) c 1,297,000 2,029,000 
Vietotign gs slva, 22 566,007 (d) (d) (d 
Indo-China..... (d) (d) j 712,000 (a) 
Dutch East : 

ENG1ES ina b 910,000| b 1,000,000 942,700 (a) 
Sweden ook i752 (d) (d) 480,600 (a) 
WesternAustralia (d) (d) 12,024,000] 10,192,000 
Serbiashsi.ocas (d) (d) (d) (d) 
Bulgaria sees oe (d) 646,000 k 833,000 
PeLnih ecat aia 395,802 (d) 380,400 (a) 
Rumatias 072 (d) k 3,360,000] k 3,360,000 
Rhodesia....... (d) (d) 518,200 587,800 
Tasmania....... (d) (d) (d) (d) 
Other countries.. (d) (d) (a) (a) 








Approximate to- 
tal for the world | 1,473,000,000 1,468,000,000 |1,296,400,000/|1,456,000,000 
Per cent of world 
total produced 
Dy, Uy Soee a 44.2 46.2 42% 44.3 
: (a) Estimate included in total. (b) Estimate. (c) Includes bitum- 
inous shale. (d) Figures not available. (e) Includes Saar basin 1919, 
8,990,000; 1920, 9,410,433 tons. (f) 1917 figure. (g) Includes slack. 
(h) Shipments to Norway and Sweden. (i) Figures represent output from 
coal mines producing not less than 10,000 tons, and from lignite mines 
Producing not less than 3,000 tons. (j) 1918 figures. (k) Based on in- 
complete data. 
NOTE.—Because of the confusion introduced into the official statistics 


cepa ay countries, the figures must be regarded as tentative and subject to 
ion. 


GOODMAN 


MINING HANDBOOK 





YEAR 
1g00 J 11,609,090 


1990 (996%) 
'129090,009 


329,000 (1,3 %) 


iazob 





Coal Production 
of the 
United States and World 


PROT, 


251090,0090 


1800 to 1920 
Short Tons 


1830 


2,079,000 (4.4%) 
rgaoly 44,.890.9990 


1910 9990 (&.S%) 
jasol-j 41,490,000 


14, G'9,9090 (10.3%) 
142 309,000 


vo — 

ae 4 Aiel eeecmsemonans, 

238,036,000 (15,5 %) 
1&10 vce? 2B 400,99° 

31:482,006 (21 oh 
aac 34 9.'99 990 
IS7171990 (34, %) 

1&S0 46S 199,000 


269,644,000 (33.6%) 
BO ————— B00 200.00 


g S00, eR Ae) 38.5% 
slo 


1,21 S504 (46% 
1I9g18 463,099,900 
G45, 563,009 
ER ee re SOT 


Sources of the Country’s Coal Supply, 1890 and 1920 






































Per Cent of Per Cent of 
, Million Tons All Coa Total 
Region Bituminous 
1890 | 1920 | 1890 | 1920 | 1890 | 1920 
Bituminous: 

’ Northern Appalachian} 57.1} 212.7| 36.2} 33.0} 51.4; 38.2 
Middle Appalachian..; 9.4! 117.5 6.0} 18.2 Shee ee 
Southern Appalachian} 6.5| Zee 4.1 3.9 5.9 4.5 
Northern Interior* a | 1.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 
Eastern Interior..... DOA IST Lh 12271 20.31% (1820 ae2oeG 
Western Interior. .... 10.5} 29.6 6.6 4.6 9.4 S23 
Rocky Mountain and 

Paciic: Coast Misi. Teoh yee 4.8 6.0 6.7 6.9 
Total Bituminous. .| 111.2} 556.1] 70.5] 86.2} 100.0] 100.0 
Ant aractter con et eee 46,911 89.0 228 =) ay) Pes 





Total -all coal. 





*Michigan. {Includes North Dakota. 


238 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Coal Production 


In the United States, 1919 and 1920 
U. S. Geological Survey 




















Production, Percentage 
State Short Tons 1920 over 1919 
1920* 1919 In- De- 
Estimate crease | crease 
Alabatiass. a ores 16,698,000} 15,230,000; 9.6 
IAP KANSAS 2 ee eee 2,310,000 1.680,000|"37.91 eee 
Colorados;-ae +) seen 12,100,000; 10,100,000) 19.8]...... 
LIE NOISS eee oe oe 90,050,000} 64,600,000} 40.1 ]...... 
fnidiana sec. seen 30,420,000} 20,500,000) 48.3 ]...... 
LOW2. sass csc eer eade 9,170,000 6,300,000] "457591" ene 
Kansas: 4 tds eee 6,700,000 S700, JOO ts 10.0 21. seem 
Kentucky...... om s)31,000,00015-028,500, 000] 8.6716 aimee 
Maryland:.c..... sce 4,050,000 2:970;000| SOAS oe ase 
Michigan. ~-6 .«aonee 1,440,000 930,000) 54.8 
IVIISSOULL ee ee eee) 5,750,000 4,060,000} 41.7 
Vionta na sn eo eee 4,440,000 3,300,000} 34.6 
New Mexico. . ee 3,750,000 3,170,000} 18.3 
North Dakota....... 770,000 750,000] 2.7 
Ohio... -........} 45,000,000} 35,050,000} 28:4 
Oklanonia.var. eae 4,200,000 3:200;000}53 Loo he eee 
Pennsylvania........ 163,000,000]. 145,300,000} 12.2 | ...... 
‘Tennessee. 43. 42..0" 6,750,000 5,150,000|43.1. 14 gece 
DEXA ao iiss Fe hs ee 1,800,000 1:600,000)21255) |e 
ta hive 8... cae en ee 5,870,000 4.570;000|) 28.5 
Virpinia wroteon oe 9,850,000 9,500,000] 3.7 
Washington = 45.5) )5 3,750,000 3,100,000] 20s tee 
West. Virginia: .-..../1°°87,500,000/" °75;500;0001):15,93) "naan, 
Mivomingeeites op estes 10,000,000 7,100,000} 40.8 | ...... 
Other States 9. 193,000 100,000): 93.0°| 2.400% 
Total Bituminous....| 556,563,000} 458,063,000} 23.7 Ree 
Penn. Anthracite..... 89,000,000} 86,200,000) 3.2 ]...... 
Grand Total.........] 645,563,000] 544,263,000] 18.7 | ...... 


*Based on railroad shipments. 
tIncludes Alaska, California, Georgia, North Carolina, Oregon and 
South Dakota. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Plots, 





Coal Produced Per Man Employed 


1890-1918 


Year 





1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 


1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 


1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 


1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 


1906 
1907 
1908 
1910 


1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 


1915 
1916 
1917 
1918 


U.S. Geological Survey 





Men 
Em- 


ployed 
| 





126000 
126350 
129050 
132944 


131603 
142917 
143991 
149884 


145504 
139608 
144206 
145309 


148141 
150483 
155861 
165406 


162355 
167234 
174174 
169497 


172585 
174030 
175745 
179679 


176552 
159869 
154174 
147121 











Anthracite 


Days 
Worked| nage 





Aver- 
age 
Ton- 


per 
Man 

per 
Day 


Mow BoP WBROBR WEOO Goss 
ome O WOOm BONS Anon 


ns See eae 


OID O NN OW WTO W U1 


NDR Re 





| Tee 
age 
Ton- 
nage 
per 
Man 
per 
Year 





Men 
Em- 
ployed 


192204 
205803 
212893 
230365 


244603 
2a0002 
244171 
247817 


gay Mish 
2 haend 
304375 
340235 


370056 
415777 
437832 
460629 


478425 
513258 
516264 
300093 


549775 
548632 
571882 
983506 


557456 
561102 
603143 
615305 


Bituminous 


Days 
Worked 


226 
239 
219 
204 


it 
194 
192 
196 


211 
234 
234 
225 


230 
yp he 
202 
2A 


213 
234 
193 
247 


211 
253 
Don 
195 


203 
230 
243 
249 


Aver- 
age 
Ton- 
nage 
per 
Man 
per 
Day 





5 
5 
7 
7 
8 
2 
0 
0 
0 
0 
9 
o 
0 
0 


6 
‘ 
2 
3 
4 
0 
+ 
4 
2 
5 
8 
4 
6 
2 
4 
6 
9 
4 
6 


23 
a. 
oy. 
De 
be 
2. 
2 
3% 
De 
ou 
Ze 
Zs 
oi 
=F 
3. 
oo 
3, 
3. 
oe 
3. 
3.50 
3.68 
3.61 
Syd! 
3. 

SIF 

5. 

3. 


1 
2 
3 
2 
3 
t 
5 
6 
6 
7 
9 
9 
7 
7 


oe 


Aver- 
age 
Ton- 
nage 
per 
Man 
per 
Year 





579 
Si 
596 
557 


436 
563 
564 
596 


651 
113 
697 
664 


703 
6380 
637 
684 


717 
769 
644 
(ie! 


738 
820 
837 
724 


794 
896 
915 
942 





240 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK ; 
Men Employed and Days Worked 
To Yield the Coal Production of 1919 
U. S. Geological Survey 
Number of Men AES. 
Total 
State Ereducton Under- On ee 
Short Tons ground | Surface | Total Days | 
Worked 
Alabama .70... 15,536,721 | 20,660| 6,214) 26,874] 239 
Alaska ices 60,674 103 63 166) 280 
Arkansas. .4-.% 1,429,020 3,096 718). 3,814)2136 
California and 
Idaho-x. «. fra 6,554 54 23 TE ee5o 
Colorado. ..... 10,323,420 §,931| = 2,898] T1829)" 225 
Georgia. 0% =- 53;337 108 60 168} 284 
Hlmois 205455" 60,862,608 | 75,013} 10,007) 85,020) 160 
indiana sos... 5- 20,912,288 | 25,316} 4,671) 29,987| 148 
owas Phe eer 5,624,692 | 10,873) 1,493) 12,366} 176 
Kansas. =. 5,224,724 $1731 )-4,7531 959261 =182 
Kentucky..... - ‘| 30,036,061 | 35,530] 10,068} 45,598} 189 
Maryland..... : 3,021,686 4,422 (2.5 S04 any 
Michigan...... 996,545 1,851 253} 2,104} 179 
MissOuri...... 2. 3,979,798 1,235" 12,0792 0 3 14t aS 
Montana. os... 3,236,369 R64 0 805} 4,123} 194 
New Mexico... 3,138,756 2,918 827) 3745) 258 
North Carolina. 6,989 Sy ee 49| 100 
North Dakota.. 840,959 758 Si4i |: iP O72) 4216 
OhiOn cankk oa ee 35,876,682 | 41,336] 8,288! 49,624) 164 
Oklahoma:.... 3,802,113 6,996} 1,452) 8,448) 184 
Oregoticsacs sas 18,739 52 £5 67; 259 
Penna. (Bit.)...] 150,758,154 | 143,838} 30,712] 174,550) 218 
South Dakota. . 14,417 43 3 46| 164 
Tennessee..... 5721352205 8.976)" 2.547} 11,523) 201 
Texas Scere Wis 1,680,656 3,018 626| 3,644) 227 
Utah eco ie 4,631,323 2,709} 1,148) 3,857} 239 
Virginiags<t2 22 9,326,830 9,471) 2,115} 11,586} 247 
Washington.... 2,990,447 SISULS 1,235) 22 5, 0s0 ade 
West Virginia. . 79,036,553 | 74,350} 20,355] 94,705} 200 
Wyoming...... 7,219,738 sola, 11 AS1he ener eee 
Total Bit... 2.2 465,860,058 | 508,801! 113,197) 621,998] 195 
Penn. Anth.... 88,092,201 | 107,829) 46,742) 154,751] 266 
Grand Total...| 553,952,259 | 616,630! 159,939] 776,569] 209 




















GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 241 





Coke Production for 1920 


U.S. Geological Survey, Preliminary Survey 





State Beehive* | By-product t Total 
gu Lainaete.. oe Neye tl 992,000. | 3,075,000 4,662,000 
PeNORSUO gi. Ss es 348,000 511,000 859,000 
CES Se SERED cee IY 0003 tes ec! 17,000 
LLIELETAST fattae Seg) SAAS 6 Bites a Dn 8 Sls 2,086,000 2,086,000 
Pacdiana 3 sercas ores BMW sos tn, 4,567,000 4,567,000 
KRentuckysesi dai 8 aes, 329,000 466,000 | 795,000 
ACIUUAATICL A Cage Gree Age il vee inh Ae oes: 685,000 685,000 
Massachusetts......... Weis wet RC BS 531,000 531,000 
ANCE TSB oe i MiB Le DERN a oe sata 1,433,000 1,433,000 
RiineSUtAg rey, wee sete | ee tak Doty 664,000 664,000 
ENON LCESC Nas ara it IM ad a a 722,000 722,000 
IVOWHVIEGKICO 7 chee ose Zt OOO) a te eite oe 237,000 
ENO WIRY OF iets Pee eel Get enone he S 1,041,000 1,041,000 
BRAC crd, aus tenn ates od cS 89,000 5,697,000 5,786,000 
Pennsylvania....:.....}| 15,690,000 7,710,000 | 23,400,000 
eh ONNESSEE Tia. ics wa ag 119,000 138,000 257,000 
‘is tig FE ae a ag eee SG OO nee a se ac rie _ 916,000 
AMASTUNOTON < gec es ols 2b 31,000 23,000 |} 54,000 
-. West Virginia......... 1,378,000 414,000 1,792,000 
Oklahoma and Utah... . 259 DOU Wes tomes ne. ee 239,000 
Missouri, Rhode Island 
BMC OVWVISCONSIN eG... Ola adacae Fe ese TPL lab,000 1,145,000 


20,980,000 | 30,908,000 | 51,888,000 


*Estimate based on railroad shipments. 
+Preliminary reports from operators. 


Coal Produced in the United States 
Per Man Employed, 1913-1918 





Anthracite Bituminous 

Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- 

Men - age age Men age age 

Year Em- Days Tons Tons Em- Days | Tons Tons 
ployed |Worked| per per ployed |Worked| per per 

Man Man Man Man 

per per per per 

Day Year Day Year 























1913 | 175,745 ZO, 2.02 520 571,882 232, 3.61 837 
1914 | 179,679 245 2.06 505 583,506 195 3.04 724 
1915 | 176,552 230 2.19 504 557,456 203 3.91 794 
1916 | 159,869 253 2.16 548 561,102 230 3.90 896 
1917 | 154,174} 285 Dadi 646 603,143 243 3.77 915 
1918 | 147,121 293 229 672 615,305 249 3.78 942 


242 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Mining Machines Used in Bituminous 
Coal Production 


By States, 1917 and 1918 
U.S. Geological Survey 





Percentage 








Numb f : 
eee Sete ay Mined by 
State Machines Short Tons Machines 

in Use 

1917 1918 1917 1918 | 1917 1918 
Alabama.. . 332 403 6,062,744 5.95154 1301s io 
Arkansas oo. 18 24 154,615 242,984) 7.2} 10.9 
Colorado.... 328 352 4,077,520| ~ 4,574,017| 32.7) 36.9 
Illinois.....| 2,049} 2,152} 48,576,462] 50,566,911] 56.3] 56.6 
indiana: 7:.: 768 904 14,344,845 14,997,532] 54.1] 49.0 
LO Wate e 71 rp 1,022,104 876,754| 11.4] 10.7 
Kansaseo.. 9 16 34,823 56,314 25: a 
Kentucky...| 1,514] 1,634] 23,221,880) 24,808,171) 83.6] 78.5 
Maryland... 20 25 290,116 301,965) 6.1] 6.7 
Michigan. . 99 111 1,199,263 1,272,285} 87.3) 86.8 
Missouri.... 100 104 1,127,843 1,244,682] 19.9] 22.0 
Montana... 115 116 2,070,075 2,268,318} 49.0} 50.0 
New Mexicol 75} 97| 1,052,684] 1,236,709] 26.3] 30.7 
No. Dakota. 16 16 300,417 344,482} 38.0] 47.9 
Ohio? 1,784] 1,987] 35,828.497| 38,841,452] 87.9] 84.8 
Oklahoma...| 145] 178] 1,605,117] 1,899,487] 36.6] 39.5 
Pennsylvania} 6,004] 6,207} 95,423,140] 98,334,139] 55.4! 55.0 
Tennessee... 209 200 1,399,825 1,549,945] 22.6] 22.7 
fhexachaetes 1 il 2,688 2,000 au cg 
Utah=sere 105 141 2,259,697 2,767,084] 54.8) 53.9 
Virginia....| 226] 231} 6,440,561] 6,394,276] 63.9] 62.2 
Washington. o2 48 231,856 249,110} 5.8) 6.1 
W. Virginia .| 3,054} 3,281] 56,075,888] 60,688,232] 64.8] 67.5 
Wyoming... 161 163 3,593,470 4,462,737| 41.9] 47.3 








Total...... .}17,235}18,463) 306,396,127) 323,931,133!*55.5)*55.9 


*Average, 


= 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 243 





Mining Machines Used in Bituminous 
Coal Production 
1891 to 1918 
U. S. Geological Survey 


Percentage of Total Bituminous Mined by Machines, and 
Number of Mining Machines in Use in the United States 


Be 


oo 







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aa LIES 


NUMBES SF MACHINES 


PERCENT OF TOTAL BITUMINOUS 
v 
re) 




















Number Coal Mined Total Percentage 
Year of Mining by Machines, Production, i 

Machines Short Tons Short Tons y 

in Use Machines 

1891 545 6,211,732 117,901,238 oe 
1900 3,907 52,784,523 2121316,112 24.9 
1905 9,184 103,396,452 315,062,785 32.8 
1910 13,254 174,012,293 417,111,142 41.8 
1911 13,829 178,158,236 405,907,059 43.9 
1912 15,298 210,538,822 450,104,982 46.8 
1913 16,379 242,421,713 478,435,297 50.6 
1914 16,507 218,399,287 422,703,970 Oey 
1915 15,692 243,237,551 442,624,426 Saat 
1916 16,198 283,691,475 502,519,682 56.4 
1917 17/235 306,396,127 551,790,563 lovelies! 


1918 18,463 | 323,931,133 579,385,820 wae 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


244 


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246 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Disposal of Coal Produced 


In the United States, 1919 
U.S. Geological Survey 








State 





Alaskaye? wane. ieee 


KeansasSinrs euscrs ie sar 
Kentuckyanes ono oer 
Maryland... sv. tei 


Michigan. seer 
IMiSSOUTl: cone ok 
Montatlase ee ore 


North Carolina...... 
North Dakota... :%: 
Ohio teeta: setae wees 
Oklahoma. cee. acer 
Oregon's oc oe ces cneetens 
Pennsylvania 
(bituminous)...... 


South Dakota....... 
(h@RNESSECY TE. ors ete clon 


Virginians canes nk: 
Washington: : ..s.).. 
West) Virginia ©... 6. 


Total bituminous.... 
Pennsylvania 
ANCHTAciteen.seaete 


Granditotaleegimccee 


Wiyomil cen see: 


Loaded at 

Mines for 

Shipment, 
Short 
Tons 


13,869,680 
57,676 
1,351,266 
2,448 


9,438,120 
15,028 
55,540,051 
19,423,744 


4,849,636 
4,919,654 
27,907,773 
2,899,931 


901,263 
3,414,223 
2,887,620 
2,583,097 


3,229 

607 ,634 
33,054,103 
3,462,294 
10,917 


120,704,245 


450 
4,744,543 
1,629,795 
4,051,464 


7,558,507 
2,681,244 
73,672,527 
6,906,592 


409,148,754 


76,128,970 


485,277,724 


Sold to 


Local Trade 
and Used 


by 


Employees, 
Short Tons 


—_ | ————_— | | ee | ee 


200,535 
733 
22,984 
3,591 


412,986 
679 


3,374,419 
804,624 


610,937 
136,202 
978,857 

75,374 


11,458 
422,479 
185,356 

38,615 


387 
217,902 
2,161,716 
125,312 
3,103 


5,141,075 


165,433 
79,150 
2,548,896 
98,263 


18,068,578 


2,360,821 


20,429,399 


Used at 


Mines for 
Steam and 


683,920 


164,119 


163,393 
44,011 


3,373 
15,423 
659,571 
178,995 
4,719 


3,305,764 


28 
146,631 
46,941 
81,706 


117307, 
175,253 
1,097,232 
214,883 


11,061,571 


9,602,410 


20,663,981 





Made into 
Coke at 
Mines, 
Short 
Tons 


33,030 


©: (si eine) :@) (0) ete eine 


92/0: ‘a-paries aa \ sho 


68: © ea) @) eh sie © 


Sijelia) 8 6 0) ©) © le 


C19) 008 6g Wie 1e ce 
J as ‘8 fee eh ieare 


©, acs) 0,01 18 aris, a 


a) ale) e\"e0,_1nhret ne 


396,920 


1,485,313 
54,800 
1,717,898 


O80) 0) 6m Sel ome 


27,581,155 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 247 





Coal Analysis 


Coal analyses are reported in two ways: (1) Proximate, 
showing volatile matter, fixed carbon, moisture and ash; (2) Ul- 
timate, showing chemical constituents, carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, 
oxygen and ash. 


Analyses are necessary to compute the heating value of a fuel. 
Due to the fact that the character of the volatile matter cannot 
be determined, the proximate analysis is not generally used in 
determining the calorific value of coals. 


The following formula for computing the calorific value of coal 
from the ultimate analysis has been proposed by the American 
Society Mechanical Engineers. This is based on the assumption 
that the oxygen and part of the hydrogen exist as water, insofar 
as they can be chemically combined, and that the remaining 
hydrogen is available as a heat producer. 


= (14,600 x C) +{62,000 x (H _ (0 +8))}+ (4000S) 
_ wherein, 
Q=B. t. u. per pound. 


C, H, O and S are the fractional weights of carbon, hydrogen, 
oxygen and sulphur per pound of coal. 


This formula checks very closely the calorific value determined 
by calorimeter. 


EXAMPLE.—Ultimate analysis: H:=5.33; C= 78.28: Oo=1.59; 
S=1.20; ash=7.60. Expressed fractionally these percentages 
are: H.=0.0533; C =0.7827; O02. =0.0759; S=0.012; ash =(0.076. 


Then 


Q=14,600x 0.7828-+{ 62,000(0.0533-(0.0759 = 8))}+-4000 0.012 
=14,190B.t.u. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


248 





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6£7'867'89 LST‘076'SZ 760°878'SF LEOVSE IZ LUT OLY 77 oes‘s90'F 9161 
96S‘9F7 19 S68 TPL‘°77 IPS LIS'7P OF9'OLL‘°ST CS7 6GP'ST SS7‘S96'S ST6L 
SLOSTS'PS FS6 LEL‘6T £06 FOL ‘FE ZTLO'SSP'ST ZLO‘TTZ 07 €18'687F | FI6T 
FIS‘60P‘L9$ O80'86L ‘FZ $99 6FF SES SOT'SFI ‘07 0S8'6S6' Tc$ G10 CSO Van elec OL 
s}10dx 7 
SOT ELD 'S 89¢'F60'T 989 0S6'F OSS TTO'L 61h 77S 818 78 6161 
99% 868 1 FOF SOFT T80'F69'9 COL SSH T S8£'F07 CLT LE STOL 
£69 18h €86'09F'T OLT‘S6L‘F ESP Shr I €7S‘9¢ ocs‘7I LI6T 
OrL CELT ET OZL'T fey VIL PD LES ETL I 9T¢ ol 9LE9 9161 
LUE‘ SIP'P CVE LOL SCP 86E'F C8L‘SOLT 776 VI LS¢'¢ ST6I 
618‘ L76'¢ TZ0°29S'‘T TZ8‘688'¢ eSe‘Ors'T 866'LE 899'TZ F161 
80s‘z9g‘c$ OSss‘Z19'T TIS ‘9Sg‘¢$ 6IS‘TIO'T L60-SeL tt TE0'T oa}! 
syioduwy] 
anye A, pUO da IOUS onyeA lashed bet tA he anye A, su0 TOUS 
Aqtquen() ‘Aqrquen(d ‘Aqquen(d 
ICI 
[e701 snoulummnyg oyDOeIYWUY 





256 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Copper Fields of the United States 


There are several methods of classifying copper deposits; 
namely, according to the geologic period of deposit, the geologic 
occurrence, and the geographic distribution. 





According to Geologic Age 


1. Pre-Cambrian, the larger producers of which have been 
the Lake Superior district of Michigan, the Jerome of Arizona 
and the Encampment of Wyoming. The deposits of this age- 
yield about one-third of the total output of the country. 

2. Paleozoic, the most important producers of which are 
the Ducktown district of Tennessee, the Great Gossan lead of 
Virginia and North Carolina, the Virgilina district, and the Ely 
of Vermont. These are usually classed as the Appalachian 
deposits. 

3. Mesozoic, consisting chiefly of the Shasta district and 
the “foothills’’ of California, together with numerous districts 
of Idaho, eastern Washington, western Nevada and Alaska. 
The deposits of this age yield about one-fourth of the country’s 
output. 

4. Tertiary, largely found in Montana, Arizona, New Mexico 
and Utah. This is considered the most important of the epochs 
of copper deposition, it giving almost half the output of this 
country. 

According to Occurrence 


1. Lenticular replacements in schistose and igneous rocks, 
found in Arizona and California, and to a small extent in the 
Appalachian region. — 

2. Native copper in volcanic rocks, which is the kind chiefly 
found in the Lake Superior district of Michigan. 

3. Replacement deposits in sedimentary rocks, usually 
found in Arizona, Nevada, Utah and Alaska. 

4, Disseminated deposits, occurring chiefly in Utah, Nevada 
and Arizona; not of very high grade, but usually cheap to 
mine. 

5. Fissure-vein deposits, which are the chief sources of 
copper and are mostly found at Butte, Montana. E 

6. Disseminated deposits of sedimentary rocks, found mostly 
in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. 


Geographic Distribution 


Copper is present in some form or other in almost every 
State in the Union. According to smelter returns, the leading 
States are Arizona, Montana and Michigan. 

Although our copper industry is still young, the United 
States is, at present, supplying more than half of the world’s 
production. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 257 





Copper Production 
In the United States, 1918 to 1920 
U. S. Geological Survey 


I a er a 


Production, Pounds 


State 1918 1919 1920 

Alaska. . ..e.+.--.| 67,081,648] 56,534,992} 66,093,924 
RpZbna eo oe. 769,521,729} 536,515,368] 552,988,731 
ealitorniash oie. 44,150,761) 23,548,698] 11,822,028 
WoloradG st wa a eee 7,591,570 4,892,558 4,282,616 
GOOrPia as alert ele, 397,078 8,306 3,663 
Idaho @asge 2 aon 5,836,795 3,966,655 1,922.16 
Maine eee 0) Lane 501,169 BOM BOs. aoe 
Igy Fab a%g beet) NIE hy Ube tole CSS a a Oa DS nena me ee Le 
Wichig atl acti hc eee 231,096,158] 177,594,135) 153,483,952 
MissOuriiieae sve, 232,073 588,570 533,368 
Montana: ...;.........| 326,426,761] 176,289,873] 177,743,747 
Nevada...............] 106,266,603] 64,683,734} 55,580,322 
NeW LeISey. oe aya tein: Per AAT PRR iy sre RPO LS our ne Unto 
New Mexico...........} 96,559,580] 60,377,320} 52,159,751 
North Carolina........ 79,200} Ga ceaite come 
PEPOD. Ee ort es Siar - 2,630,499] 2,808,017} 2,529,311 
Pennsylvania..:....... SULT) oll LO aa 618,361 
South Carolina......... Te Sk me, DOT. ache eee 
South Dakota sein. see cg Rhee (a) 2,190 
HW enlessee eae ale 15,055,005) a 5,029)4941. 916,727,508 
MA GXASG oa sis, So Avia ah: 13,851 2,153 14°317 
Ri tals Ae}. Pfc heeeM 230,964,908} 143,836,304} 110, 357 748 
Ber MOnt so iia geee ia 896,630 582,561]. 

Ngieg CY aoe eee cre ab 1.248}. A 
Washington?. 14)... .0.. 2,330,568| 2,552,134 2,125,586 
BV YONI. Bopha ian 866,698 150,051 24,256 


Tindistriputed > pues ee oe ee in5,4 76,629 AT. 350 


i 008, 533 ,095|1,286,419 32911 ,209,061,040 
(a) Included in ‘‘Undistributed.’ 


Domestic Copper Production—1919 and 1920 


1919, Pounds 1920, Pounds 


Smelter production from do- 

mestic ores. | 1,286,000,000} 1,235,000,000 
Production of refined copper 

from foreign and domestic 

Gress Stare _.....|  1,768,000,000} 1,573,000,000 
Domestic consumption . 877,000,000 910,000,000 


Stock on hand at end of year.. . 904,000,000 874,000,000 























258 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 
® ° 
Copper Production and Disposal 
In the United States, 1907-1920 
U.S. Geological Survey 
Domestic Production 
| Refined Copper, Secondary Smelter Pro: 
Year Primary, Copper, duction, 
Pounds Pounds Domestic Ores, 
Pounds 

1907 aoe ae 10325500. 0003) | ene eee 869,000,000 
LOOS eee 1138,000 000T ae tee ae 942,500,000 
1.909) Seas eee ae 1391, 000;000nzene eee ee 1,093 ,000,000 
LOL O hess terse eee 1,422,000, 000 eat ee 1,080,000,000 
TOLL AR eRe ace 1,434,000,000 214,000,000 1,097 ,000,000 
1912 eet one 1,568,100,000 275,000,000 1,243,000,000 
1913723 ess eee 1,615,100,000 273,000,000 1,224,000,000 
NO U4. = PEPE coe pemetctMers ts 1,533,800,000 256,000,000 1,150,000,000 
LOLS AEE ee ras oe eee 1,634,200,000 392,000,000 1,388,000,000 
LOT OS Sat ee ee ee 2,259,400,000 700,000,000 1,928,000,000 
194.7, Seer ei Rete ee 2,428,500,000 767,000,000 1,886,000,000 
1918 Sees on tae octane 2,432,400,000 705,000,000 1,908,500,000 
1919 Sere Ne ee Se ae 1,805,300,000 574,000,000 1,286,000,000 
1920 RUNGE a cee onc ee 1,634,900,000 (a) 1 209,000,000 


SS a a ee 
Imports, Exports and Consumption 
er ce 





Exports of | Domestic Con- 














Year Imports, Metallic Copper,' sumption, 
Pounds Pounds Pounds 
1907. MAS Sac ee tee 253,000,000 509,000,000 488,000,000 
LOOSE Aon eke ence o 219,000,000 662,000,000 480,000,000 
L909 Mee trcis cea 322,000,000 683,000,000 689,000,000 
LOLOC eas tke cla ae oee 344,000,000 708,000,000 732,000,000 
19 ee eee ee 335,000,000 786,500,000 682,000,000 
1910 rere Eire er enn e 410,000,000 775,000,000 776,000,000 
1913 Ve cite hee 409,000,000 926,000,000 812,000,000 
1OP4 Ae ea ee Cae -e 306,000,000 840,000,000 702,000,000 
LOLS Meet oe eee 316,000,000 682,000,000 1,137,000,000 
1916YA ee eee 462,000,000 784,000,000 1,479,000,000 
LO 75 eee hit ee 556,000,000 1,126,000,000 1,395,000,000 
LOTS eecaca te ote 576,000,000 744,000,000 i 1,662,000,000 
VOLO ar ee eee 429,000,000 516,000,000 914,000,000 
1920. Ree Oe | 486,000,000 623,000,000 1,054,000,000 
Average Yearly Prices 
Year Per | Year Per | Year Per | Year Per 
Pound Pound Pound Pound 
1907 $0.200 1911 $0.125 1915 $0.175 1919 $0.186 
1908 -132 1912 .165 1916 .246 1920 184 
1909 .130 1913 2155 1917 PAYS) 
1910 127 1914 133 1918 al 


(a) Figures not yet available. ; 


259 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Copper Production of the World 


And Exports from the United States 


Years 1880 to 1920 





USSR ISIELEL TIE PGS Uae SUEIBI PUGS SSime ae 
pC ISTNS TSP ale TRIES 14 1S) BS PEE Be ae 
SS 2S SIRE SIS SIS) PV0 Piel a] 1 TTT Tete | Tes stale aie Slee 
EEE 

SB Ter [SSH SIBIBRlsis ois) aie ele eRLele lal /PletalH al ae 
USSG SEER ASAE Te a 

TO GAR EHO ABBRBOSEEES Pela a OEIIN Ss 





LETT err ee TT TAT 

PR oe a LK 1990 

FEA thet TLL EVN UN 
BuiZan 

TTY el LETT TNA... 












ee Se 


PRODUCTION IN MILLION FOUND UNITS. 


260 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Iron Mining in the United States 


The classification of the iron deposits is usually made by 
dividing the country into six geographic districts, namely: 
1. Northeastern District—Massachusetts, Connecticut, New 
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Ohio. : 
2. Southeastern District—Maryland, Virginia, West Vir- 
ginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia and Ala- 
ama. 
3. Lake Superior District—Michigan, Wisconsin and Min- 
nesota. 
4, Mississippi Valley District—Iowa, Mississippi, Missouri, 
Arkansas and Texas. 
5. Rocky Mountain District—Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, 
Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Nevada. 
6. Pacific Slope District—Washington and California. 
The Lake Superior district is by far the Most important, pro- 
ducing nearly 85 percent of the total output of the United States. 


Classes of Ore 


Each of the above districts can be further subdivided into 
mining districts, and the ores classified with regard to variety 
and distribution of the deposits: 

1. Hematite—Known locally as red hematite, specular 
ore, gray ore, fossil ore, etc. This is the most important variety, 
constituting more than 90 per cent of the United States’ produc- 
tion. 

2. Brown ore—Known also as brown hematite, bog ore, 
limonite, etc. This variety usually comes from the Appala- 
chian States and constitutes less than 3 per cent of the total. 

3. Magnetite—Usually called magnetic iron ore. | Comes 
mostly from the Northeastern district, except Ohio, and con- 
stitutes less than 4 per cent of the total. 

4, Iron carbonate—Known locally as spathic iron ore, kidney 
ore, black band ore, etc. This is the least significant of the ores 
and comes principally from Ohio. ‘ 


The Iron Ranges 


The Lake Superior district includes the Vermilion, Mesabi, 
Cuyuna, Gogebic, Marquette and Menominee ranges. In addi- 
tion to these there are several iron ore districts on the Canada side 
of the Great Lakes, the principal ones being the Michipicoten, 
Animikie, Matawin and the Atikokan ranges. 

Minnesota alone produced 58 percent of the production of the 
United States in 1920 and Michigan 27 percent. ; 

During the years 1913 to 1918 inclusive the iron ore mined in 
the United States was more than double that of any other 
country. af 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 261 





Iron Ore Production 


In the United States, 1919 and 1920 
By States 
Estimate of Geological Survey 


Exclusive of Manganiferous Ores Containing More than 
5.5 Percent of Manganese 








Production Percentage 














State Gross Tons 1920 and 1919 
1919 | 1920 Increase | Decrease 

Alabama......... 5,034,000] 5,850,000] 16.21 
CSCOreiat. hee ae 80,000 89,000; 11.25 
Michigan.........| 15,471,000} 17,232,000] 11.38 
Minnesota........ 35,767,000} 39,964,000} 11.73 
New Jersey....... 409,000 420,000] 2.69 
Peewee Olle. in: 858,000 927,000} 8.04 
North Carolina... . 67,000 69,000} 2.98 
Pennsylvania..... 547,000 680,000) 24.31 
Tennessee........ 271,000 347,000} 28.05 
N APG TLLAL eee or ste 288,000 308,000} 6.95 
Wistonsinaied 2.2. 880,000! 977,000} 11.02 
Western States*... 678,000 734,000] 8.26 
Other Statesf..... 108,000 176,000; 62.96 

EPOt al ear ce fe cae 60,466,000} 67,773,000} 12.08 


*Western States’’ include Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, 
Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Washington and Wyoming. 


yOther States’ include Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri and Texas. 


Imports and Exports 
of Iron and Steel 
For 1918 to 1920, Inclusive 


Gross Tons 


| 1918 1919 | 1920 


PIM POri Serene rs aes oh 168,264 322,264 417,163 
BXports: ere te eet at 0,950,019 4,397,295 4,933,206 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 














262 
Iron Ore Production 
In the United States, 1918 
- By States and Varieties 
Mineral Resources of the U. S., 1918 
Production, Long Tons 
State aes 4 a reel! 
Hematite Brown Ore | Magnetite Total 
Alabamaee 2 So ODL LODOG MAY, 00 he ae 5,754,624 
California 32 wach? 2, tee : Sole meee S07 3 OF 
Goloradot: fens) ieee Tee OU ees sca 7,850 
Connecticutsa31 ncaa eeee D2 PTB Ope cht aadereiads 12,130 
Georgia® coin 114,720 140 S82 ee eae 264,602 
Tdahosee nee ee ae (Ro) ee a a As 785 
Lowa hehe estonia eee eee tee L092 iy ie eon re 7,052 
Maryland...... (ay (ere O8 1A ee & 2 8,081 
Massachusetts); |. (0 enoneee: SAS OE. Lg fae 8,450 
Michigan. ..... 16;899°34.1) 2 See eee stan ee 16,899,341 
Minnesota..... APO53'°969) a teat oe SURG dare ore ae 41,953,969 
MissOurio. fae SOr 5D) 15959) ow see 72,708 
Montanal,. cs erie eee eee 300 Ps 1,415 
Nevada bs .cea einen ee ZOISU3I i kde & oes 20,303 
New Jersey <2 ier, ime lotr eae AQ3: S25 423,525 
New Mexico... TSO) ae 267,916}. 268,666 
New York..... AS: 815) ae eee 862,366 906,179 
North arolina wi mae 47,739 60,593 108,332 
Pennsylvania sisuicenaeeeere 3,163 519,437 522,600 
Tennessee..... 220,849 18 N05) ce. ea ee 408,954 
Utah ixee. gee ae eee 42,556 10,166 52 ee 
Virginia eee 81,120 B32 O28 58 ou. eee 414,048 
Wiscorising ook 0002008) ate eee aa Re eae ae 1,089,351 
Wyoming, naa, S84 ee ees eee eee 447,884 
Texas and 
Washington tee cee 100 1,500 1,600 
65,894,709] 1,613,844] 2,149,725} 69,658,278 


a 





(a) Hematite included in brown ore. 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 263 


Iron Ore Production 


In the Lake Superior District, 1917 and 1918 











By Ranges 
Percentage 

1918 over 1917 

Range | 1917 1918 —— 

i Increase Decrease 
IVICSS DI ee eo eee | ATMO S25 S9.0599 7 fl aneey nas 5.0 
C070 DiC... erreurs reas os 7,881,232 USSEOSA goes ees ae, 
Menominee.......... | 6,366,483}. 6,041,637|)....... Sef 
Marquette sans os ce 5: 4,638,374! 3,946,554]....... 14.9 
(Sinyiina wees. faa hee L-OSG OOS EE (OOS LSI ee ten 14.2 
WeGimiliOn.ws. a. tee 1,481,301 119266 Cie 19.5 
SL Otal ayeeree a ares ee 63,481,321 59.779 79410. ei 5: isieces 





Largest Iron Ore Mines 


Twelve Mines in the United States produced more than 
1,000,000 tons of iron ore each in 1918. Four of these, all open- 
pit mines, exceeded the 2,000,000 ton mark. Inthe order of their 
producing rank these four are: 








1 
Name of Mine | Location | Piodticlon 
Long Tons 
PL ULIER istry i ete aes Hibbing, Minn. 5,485,715 
Red Mountain Group........| Bessemer, Ala. 2,376,974 
Kere eee ht ee errr ap ee ne Hibbing, Minn. 2,027,589 
Mahoning wae ate 4 he on Hibbing, Minn. 2,024,675 
Of underground mines the principal producers are: 
ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 
1918 
Name of Mine Location | Production, 
Long Tons 
AC adie Me alone oye eee Eveleth, Minn. 1,393,589 
Norrie: Groupsets | Ironwood, Mich. 1,204,698 
+Wakéfreldyeetes penta. . - Wakefield, Mich. 1,130,432 
Newport and Bonnie......... Ironwood, Mich. 1,002,243 


a 
*Both open pit and underground. 





264 GOODM N MINING HANDBOOK 


Iron Ore Production 
In the United States, 1919 -and 1920 


By Districts 


Estimate of U. S. Geological Survey 
Exclusive of Manganiferous Ores Containing More than 
5.5 Percent of Manganese 


en ee, 


District 


Lake Superior: 
Michigan’: 20.824 
Minnesota, | 0.20. 
Wisconsin cere 


South Eastern: 
Alabamag see 
(FEOT Sines, | See 
North Carolina: ... 
Tennessee......... 
Nif@iNia, scat eee 


Northeastern: 
New Jersey..i..... 
NewrVork.f.02 nas) 


Pennsylvania...... 


Western: 

* Arizona, California, 
Colorado, Idaho, 
Montana, Nevada, 
New Mexico, Utah, 
Washington and 
Wyoming: j.4. 7.20 


Other States: 
Connecticut, Mary- 
land,Massachusetts, 
Missouri and Texas 





Grand sr otaleot ene. 


Production, 
Long Tons 


Percentage, 
1920 over 1919 


Increase 





Decrease 


eH es 


15,471,000] 17,232,000 
35,767,000] 39,964,000 
888,000] 977,000 





pa | 


52,126,000} 58,173,000 





5,034,000] 5,850,000 
80,000 89,000 
67,000 69,000 

271,000} 347,000 
288,000] 308,000 


5,740,000} 6,663,000 





409,000] 420,000 
858,000] 927,000 
547,000] 680,000 


1,814,000} 2,027,000 








678,000 734,000 


108,000 176,000 


60,466,000] 67,773,000 


Liz 
3.0 
28.0 
7.0 


16.2 


8.0 


63.0 


12.1 


o ef tee: toys 18 


ie) ww WAenved te a 


GOODMAN MINING Hh *NDBOOK 265 


Iron Ore Production 


Of Principal Producing Countries, 1915 to 1918 
Mineral Resources of the U. S., 1918 








Production, Metric Tons 
Country 


1915 1916 | 1917 | 1918 
North America: ; 
Spada smart: 361,165} 249,638} 195,321) 187,626 
CODE 7 Sept Weenie 840,687} 724,119} 562,341} 653,829 


Newfoundland*..| 787,854} 918,135) 801,366} 769,821 
United States... .|56,414,914/76,370,355|76,493 ,473|70,772,810 


South America: 





Chileeos wees ee |, 14/7000 56,166 5,000 2,743 
ein to ab con Eee Aa a Pepa I i aN (ee ge, a 
Europe: 
Austria-Hungary .| (d)1238268 (e) (e) (e) 
Belgie Al see > 4,720 30,430 17,000 500 
Braces ats 3) 620,254] 1,680,684; 2,034,721] 1,671,851 
Germany... .....\- 17,710,000 -  (e) (e) (e) 
Sreecerin: Goce 157,430 84,985 63,364 (e) 
FGA Vi soe tees ats 679,970} 942,244) 993,825 (e) 
axemburg 4. eu 6,139,434! 6,752,207} 4,509,150 fe) 
Norway i dnerk to: 714,917} 879,840 (e) (e) 
Portucal so. tae act, (e) (e) (e) (e) 
Rissin ns wiihee (e) (e) (e) (e) 
Spain ee ene. ese oe 5,617,839} 5,856,861} 5,551,071 (e) 
Sweden..........| 6, 883, '308 6, 986, 298] 6, Ab 172 (e) 
United Kingdom. 14,462, 772 13; 710, 573/15,083, 266 15,285,083 
Asia: 
(hide Te edoo- Mek 545,819} 278,555) 304,356 (e) 
Chosen (Korea)..|} 209,883} 245,355 (e) (e) 
Prat ets as 396,514); 418,346] 419,885 (e) 
Hapatice ck gece 136,421) 9 158,815 (e) (e) 
Africa: 
AIBErIAS since sic ods 818,705} 938,684} 1,065,502} 782,047 
Morocco. fae. Psp 189,190 (e) (e) (e) 
(Raise eeu 8 a 285,899| 367,499) 606,000 (e) 
Australianeeycnua ce 3 376,821) 396,350) 490,236 (e) 
*Shipments. 
tExports. 


(d) Hungary only. 
(e) Statistics not available. 
(f) From Tayeh deposits only. 


266 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Production of 
Iron Ore, Pig Iron and Steel 


In the United States from 1870 to 1920 
0,090,006 










‘1,000,600 


VY) @5,000,000 
IZ 

O 

Ff €0,000,000} 


" 559990,0S50 | 
O 
él 


wo 50,000,600 


Zz 45,900,009 


— 


ANNURL PRODUCTION 
3 
(0) 
8 
0 
ce) 
0 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 267 





Notes and Sketches 











































































































































































































268 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Notes and Sketches 









































































































































































































































269 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Notes and Sketches 





















































































































































































































































266) GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Notes and Sketches 


Somnus S0Sn50R58 







































































































































































































































































































































































































































































GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 271 
Notes and Sketches 
Peis vi NS 
pala ee 
{| t | = 
om i aa 
zg Om OS 
as ie LEE ae a es 
| eee 
etek ie et ea | 
eee ane 
aa = Sie 
ier ast ae Bie 
ea a [ 4 ith 
| i 
ee a 
LL ie 
[ | 
an |_| 
ks lal ae 
r “ALibcg lea eae a 
pont i a nea 8 



































GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


242 


Notes and Sketches 
































































































































































































































Gaaaaeaee : mga 
3 Poe ice eet 
Et ROmGeameax es 
EERE CREE EEE EERE 
J eeeees ee apie 
Js Je = t+— ea 
eee eee PEP ar ee eRe ere 
hee i s meses 
Peco aise sani: 
HE a ET 
Jee os sseaeeas sunaeeses is 
Borer ie z aa 





GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK (asi 


Notes and Sketches 








































































































































































































GeRATASA Cee 
= Ea 
Waite id 
Rea fe ou seauuem 
SSERTARNIGEESEE 
ee beaibtt HEH 
ee 
aie eanees 
lA mee 
et Re gh 
: f CEE Ra a 
| 
re sueeteaeaute 
iy | eat a ge 
Jo iH | | 
Ally. al HERE 






































274 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Notes and Sketches 



























































































































































_ GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 275 








Notes and Sketches 





























































































































































































































GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK | 


276 








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_GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 277, 


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278 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK | 


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GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 279 


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280 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


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GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 281 


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282 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


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GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK __ 283 





Index 
Aine OwemrcdtireustO MOVE. 40 mu . wean. 120 
EO} G5 a RESER EG ble) Ra eee Ry a ea eee eae 128 
PA TSICTU VAT Stn OS coh er ae bn oye. armed 121-127 
Pvuminuiie vy iressandsGCabDleswen ain le aah ek 52- 53 
Pui vlesmotec. | VViel@0 ts Olu yet. te bo. Le 158 
PAL CAG OAR CITC LCS meee Men sen cr eee geri) JME a, erate 177-206 
OlmeyVinecuattCeea lies sir. Ree su en aie Shy Gg ave er 
Hise Pesmebankse ,CtCe sew ee oe cro et es 130-133 
Barscmcol mvy Clo sOler acer ech an co ein ete et 159 
Batteries MC are™ Olean ities ie ee one wate: 89- 93 
Bar rerymtOcOMmouyest acts Maen nh. ia ee me tc aes 86- 88 
Beans) OOUmCal culations (Ober ul. eee an 164-165 
I CItINe MLTOLSEOOW LOL ii ue eee hae ene, 162-153 
BOardevieasur@ee nee... fy har an. wae coins lene Reale 3.2 166 
OULU CMC era thes: Pee ce rere, Catia eee ek An cd 163 
SL CS aL ee Oe a AME De Ac e eR 108 
BONGIN Sea lune Me ae Aa Woe hh ais nate We 32- 40 
Bonus ern conier anus 1ClC crm mi ener che hice 216-218 
DiC KeaAncdm rick WOLKE iis termr in nin ek Ane oe aot ce 167 
Gableswnitiimiutnedise. GOPPER, ewer cc kode et 52- 63 
ODACTUES HON Ip Ccirie’. co ttn trav tain. | waite a 134-135 
GLP EAUIEL I) SG Aw eae Moen > PT EONS uN i Niet fogdh ahd 5. a 143 
GirclesiaC ipcimicreric eu. ANd eA Ted 96 Ne wis foal 177-206 
PISLELN SMC pa CiliCss Ol) otc a ore esi 4 Ale vegas ts 133 
COn Wee Nia ys iQue Steyn a aba OR ce a Pca nen its ies kc 9g 247-254 
Consist ell eee tense ens Neos talks che ok ah 244-246 
Fields rte Mitedi td LOS nite taice Mes. amu + 5 Daal 
PIM ORS MATLCE tex DOT US cs mere teen tem 2G katana 250 
LeuChiOnmaN desta tiStiCS: wa. vaehdo cial sso ee 234-243 
IResOUGCeSs Ol, tiemw united States. ..c..cm.,. ss «ale 232-233 
eircom @Otit en bee Ola steko ene hi oo Sam aun. at 230 
Coaleiamumited states, cAnalyses of. J..254...4.... 248-254 
Cokeseroeuction isthe United, States... 1.1.0... 241 
Gompressede miter resstires 35d oe eins oe are t neh cle 128 
Concretemancm@oncretes Mix tlresiena< cn ca os ine os 168-171 


CODDetras irscic stra ene ets rs Ah vigigvaus whee a) ehoeies « 256-259 


284 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Index—Continued 
Conperf Wires and? Cables, 55) some ee 52- 63 
Cubes and *Cube= Roots); + enc cee eee ee 179-208 
CubicyPeet) and Gallons: 2.4.0. ae ee 141 
Curves. Tracks moe enc. te eo ee 95- -97 
Deécimals“and Common. Hractionsaa... eee fs 175 
of Heéct andvlnchesiis. en se, 174 
Depreéciation’-lableie..) cst oe ee 214 
Diamietersand: Speeds... () 0. ee eee 147-148 
Diametral and Circular Pitches........... Mel cA, A eh 154-155 
Discount. ‘Tables eee ee, ee ee 215 
Drawbar Pull or, Uocomotiveseee: 2. aon eee 65 
Dupléx’ Steany, Pumpsiae eee ee eee 144-146 
Electrical “Lerms,) Dénnitionswotes 4600 ee ee 6- 8 
Hlevation: ot) Outer Rail) atc Cures, eae ees 98 
Equivalents, Decimals—Fractions ................. V5 
Feetinches (Decimals) eign ane eee 174 
Kalowatts—Horsépower™, < eeu. tee ae 23 
Mechanical--Eiéctrical aaa eee eee ee ee MG 
Metric—-Enghsh hee ee oe eee 176 
Pounds Pressure—Feet Head (Water)......... 13% 
Fans, Power tog Drive wi) settee eine epee te: 120 
Frogs-and owitchest. vu. cu een oe) eee 99-106 
Fusible Metals, Melting Temperatures............. 163 
Fusing ‘Currents ior) Wires.) san ah ee ee 56 
Lemperatures, Various Materials. (2:43. eeeey 163 
Gallons and! CubictF eects tim aes true. eee 141 
Gauges; Wire; Comparison tote.) .. 2 ie ee 63 
Gears, Diameters?’and ‘Speedsiieee. ee eee 147-148 
Florsepower Of dotted ete oe ee Sree 156-157 
Pitches ie ae oi tal Sey ks ee ee 155 
Spur; Dimensions, Of 4 rents Sc eee 154 
Grades Haulage onus 63). ee ee ee eee 66- 67 
Percentages and. Degrees... 3 pone ee 83 
Haulage; (Mine=.25 225 24 Sent oboe cas ce nt eee 64- 82 
Storage’ Batteryi i/o (eter oe ees ae 86- 88 


on ‘Heavy; Grades 5 on avian oe ree eee eee 66- 67 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 285 





Index—Continued 
FFOUStITIO SN itlcmrenernt tee Teme he ak hee. 109-116 
Horsepower and Kilowatts...............0eecceeee 23 
TIMELINE re eee eee ee PEs oa153 
GIMCAL Shute ee ek MONE Cte aha Fy so neti ae AG 156-157 
DIMMOCOMOLIVES Se AG an tae See oes ol a te 66 
OPV SHAT Ouse teqee vere ee ia et a 149-151 
LOMNLO VER AIT tetris Aion cites hh CONE Pete 120 
TOMUCAESE my VVicte CL aptR tt ace ee inet, NRE es ee rs 142 
ELUIMMCTy HOPING HAIN. 4 tat hts tees Wo ee aittoks os 121-127 
TI COPESt MELA] Ki Mr ate: eats Cate Se aM Lule de ee rae 209 
fiiteresteibaptes!: 590 tac8 Wee ici kaso. ny cee: soe 210-213 
Ironmviinin ge otatistiCs en tes. cee roel oh see 260-266 
KilowattsealdarlOrsepowel.. 26.0 cit cs Sacchi gts 3 23 
Locomotives, Drawbar Pull and Tractive Effort... 64- 65 
Iattlin wm Oa DACitiCS wamaree anaes ira a cei oe fe ae 68- 79 
TIOLsepower Pande CighitsaoAe ve aeons Ones 66 
WEQTOLMA ETAL @emmentS) www aa Ge tanoe ae ee ss 84- 85 
Uh Ata eeu gtd, oie ei tS BL Va sa eA ae 67 
Raieyeiehtsvand =Curvatures.., 2.26.06. +s: 94- 97 
BLOVa rar attenyaers vuelal oe excise lee ns 86- 88 
Mans Wrarcel LOStaeue, . rete ch ee ee eee 223-227 
Wiatetials wiv CiORiSnOt sds Se dea adeutes naeehed ralee is 162 
Mechanical and Electrical Equivalents............ 9 
MLGLEN PEEL CINDCLALIIEOS. Sian pe eect e re Oech 163 
MELICME atavalentse Seen cl ys calrten ta atohes Cone eta tes 176 
VCMT ALAC Rh ihe wae eae ee ie ticag eee 64- 82 
ie] OL EAE SM Sen ety Soniins On he On eine mg Be Ca 109-116 
Plaid yin ae. oe ue i he i ts Poa 121-127 
POWELL AT tS FUReIn Gh cts shee eae eae ie eee sye 10- 22 
Mining Machines in Coal Production.............. 242-243 
Minllitteescatistics. sc oalranG@ Coke ys. kaw. oo be « 230-255 
COD Leu Meso rotten das te cama Uwe 256-259 
| GRR Menu) hee Le RY on oR LIAS Sree en 260-266 
INEGLO Rae DOUD lemme mee ron nnn, ah tok, Secure eid ene ea a 43- 51 
Motors, Arrangement in Locomotive.............. 84- 85 


Gilcperyrcauirems Ore hee kt ai aie ce tiowhee avis 41- 42 


286 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 





Index— Continued 
Parcel Post Rates andoifaps .) ames eee 219-227 
Pipes... teas and .Capaciticss = ae) aie a ee 130-135 
Pressure) Losses.singss.5 eee. ee 138-140 
Wrotght ron. 3... 2... eee) 130-132 
Pitches: of Gears conaek,. 0s... Sener 154-155 
Plates, Iron and Steel, Weights of...............5 160-161 
Population in the United States........./2.....2). 228-229 
Postal Rates and :Classifications! 4) 14 se 219-227 
Posts-and) Beams #W ood.) ase a ee 164-165 
Power, Plants Mine...) 4c. ee 10- 22 
Power Transmission, Mechanical................. 147-158 
Pressure, -Compressedi: Airs) uaa 128 
Water in tPipes ss <i, open C7 ee 138-140 
Pulleys, Diameters’and Speeds 4.4.40 147-148 
Pumps, Capacities, Single Acting nln. aan 143 
Duplex Steam vcane cecue ot 144-146 
Pumping,Power. Required...) us... 142 
Rack Rail? Hanlage..7 2 a5 eet, 67 
Radius ois lrack: Gunva tress) eee ae ae 95- 97 
Rails; Bonding) went. s eet eee 32- 40 
Curvaturé ol eco Ut 2 eee se) 95 07 
Elevation at\Curvesia cy a Ase eee ee 98 
Frogs and: Switches..8.-- 2 8 5) Lee 99-106 
Sections: and sDrillingé: ene) (eae 107 
Splices,. Boltsvand wspikes sau. 6) aus ck eee 108 
Weights toneLocomotivesos ia 94 
RelativesHumidity ineMinesAir i) ose ee 124 
Resistance of Wires and Cables..........,s.se ue. 52. 54 
Rope, e Wires... bites eon ye eee ons On 117-119 
Splicin gi. Gu dieG is ads a rate Ree ee 118-119 
Shaftinge, orsenowersor’.) ee ie eee ee 149-151 
Speedsiand Diainetersss ca, epee ee 147-148 
Specific’ Gravities|of Metals; 22522 ee 163 
Spikes, “Rail i2n.utasd asa eae ane 108 
Splicing Wire: Rope.). 4.47.80) soe eee 118-119 


Sprockets, Diameters and Speeds.................. 147-148 


GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 287 


Index—Continued 
SquaAresmUtibcomand) ROOtS: fat stmeun xs. +e oe 179-208 
Steani ee EropenticomOl <tc were deer hh Sun sal uelias 129 

Patithi [yoeme LD) Gute eet Ao te eh chal ahi eae a AZ 144-146 
SOCK SMT COIME HILOIlhe samorsras, ris fered eho ae 218 
EOLA EA DALlEMes Memmi nianperte em chests ae stuhe tcuta aiy etrw ss 89- 93 
Storages batreryerlaulace wae we ae eee oe Beas 86- 88 
SWItCHeSma nM TOrS Pee Reiss er at alate oe tah 99-106 
LankemeapacitiesnObowe tera tee eee ae eae vied 133 
Temperatures, Boiling and Melting................ 163 
sinermometer, scales sComparisotn vo... oe. se es 172-173 
Parmer Ost Se andar bed inaner, ten oe bie weenie Sea 164-165 
Track iG@urvaturcsofaRailemtn, 0 On tase. talc 95- 97 

HrogemanimOwiiCies naecu cites. Geese es wed 99-106 

Rae ey AtiOnMat mut Vics ac A. cans ea outa oaks 98 

Ram occuonseand lpia yas ack ete een 107 

Raitmoplicessspoltseand) Spikes. aa. an a tee 108 

trai Clon tsmloL LOCOMOtIVES yen one os ve ake 94 
SRTACTIVER ILODtT OMVOCOMIOLIVES aL yuk oe sok eee 65 
PTA ICeSISLAT CO mtitmtcr: a Nie ttn it ad's Se 9 See 80- 82 
ITANISINISSION Ml INCOM. 5 Ae Pathe ete eles ok: eo ehas eal 24- 31 
Waterelorsepower tor Raising: 2 ay.5.. 21.2. on 142 

AMVC OLS ba A Te Meee ere oe Vole etera he ene Gr ais'g’ «Lie al anaes 127 

Pressurerllosses: in, Pipes:and Elbows... .¢.. 45. 138-140 

Pressures = 1 Cad Gt ten ee et ones ti a tenes 137 

WVGCiaENL Casliredient mam ci tke tals Gos oboe ue 136 
WieichtsweMetriceandminalishwes fe... bien caucat 176 

of Iron and Steel Bars, Plates and Shapes... .158-161 

OLMLIOCOMIOLI Vesa Ee eee nore wc hce notes eee 66 

aft TE ay Rea eae MO, Te 130-132 

Bie alls sfOm  sOCOMOUV ES Whee wats cries ts hes 94 

CME LC ae erate Oe OE yi URE eh Ee won tats as 107 

Oty AniOUSe ML ALChIAlS iba 2 er eel \ See bias 162 

Ona inreswand Gables s/s... Ar ESET ES ae 58. 57a 592862 
VV Cllrs pene OE ts erg aut say ai bie Sr ecio eons 136 
Wilemih Ope meaner en Site hee mtn gi, hn 117-119 


LOEATOTES gs, Al Oe fn eae a 118-119 


288 GOODMAN MINING HANDBOOK 


Index—Continued 


Wires,,Comparison’ of Gauges. .....7......02..008% 63 
Current. Carrying *Capacityju, seen. bie ae ee 55 
Fusing; Currentsils oes a. ot eee oe eee 56 
Insulated, Diameter ’and- Weight, >) 2an. ee 59- 62 
Resistance, Copper and Aluminum..77.2%.%... 52- 54 
Sizes) for) DG, and \ActC sks, 3 eee oe ee 25, 29 
Strength ev Wesco Oba: J Oe ee ee ee 58 
Transmission) Tyinesoiie)t2 ce ees ee 24- 31 
Volts Drop with Various Combinations........ 54 
Weights;Bare and: Insulatedis ya. 2s 53, 57, 59- 62 

Wiring: Sizes-for D> Grand A. Graeme eee eee 25- 29 
Transmission. Line Calculations): ....). eee 24- 31 

Wood: Post# and) Beams si. ee ee ae eee 164-165 

DE WOLFE 
CATALOG SERVICE 


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